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北京外國語大學2013年碩士研究生入學考試試題

招生專業(yè)：復語同聲傳譯科目名稱： 英漢互譯

（考試時間3小時，滿分150分，全部寫在答題紙上，答在試題頁上無效）

一、將下列段落譯為漢語（25分）

Positive early experiences and interactions are also vital to preparing a quality learner. A large study in 12 Latin American countries found that attendance at day care coupled with higher levels of parental involvement that includes parents reading to young children is associated with higher test scores and lower rates of grade repetition in primary school. Evidence from the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Turkey has shown that children who participate in early intervention programmes do better in primary school than those who do not benefit from formal early child programmes, and studies from India, Morocco and Latin America demonstrate that disadvantaged children benefit the most from such programmes.

In addition to cognitive effects, the benefits of good early childhood programmes include better psychosocial development. Effective and appropriate stimulation in a child’s early years influences the brain development necessary for emotional regulation, arousal, and behavioral management. A child who misses positive stimulation or is subject to chronic stress in the pre-school years may have difficulty with psychosocial development later in life. A high level of quality in early childhood development programmes can be achieved when health and nutrition components are combined with structured psychosocial development in the pre-school years. (200)

二、將下列短文譯為漢語（50分）

According to IMFanalysis, reforming health care systems should be high on the list of priorities of governments as they continue to work on cutting deficits and debt. Many advanced economies are facing the challenge of controlling the growth of public health spending while, for many emerging economies, the reform challenge is to expand basic health care. And the good news is that governments have a number of reform options available to them.

The latest reform efforts have already begun to take shape in both advanced and emerging economies. Advanced economies are undertaking a range of reforms aimed at everything from reaping efficiency gains by enhancing competition and choice to realizing administrative efficiencies through better use of information technology.

In emerging economies, some health care systems have successfully expanded health coverage and improved health outcomes without incurring high fiscal costs. Across Asia, for example, many countries are looking to move beyond fee for service to other types of payment systems such as geographic caps, hospital global budgets, and case mix adjustments—which look at ways to base reimbursements on pre-treatment patient risk estimates.

Health care reform must balance various objectives, such as improving health outcomes, controlling spending, and achieving equity, the authors say. In Asia and elsewhere, there is often overuse of hospital care and underuse of preventive and primary care. Some countries have adopted elements of gatekeeping in primary care to ensure the right mix of service use and to improve health system performance.

In the study, the IMF recommended that cost containment reforms should minimize any potential adverse effects on the poor. Most advanced economies have achieved universal access to basic health services, and health reforms should respect this safety net. Health care reform is complex and faces the difficult task of balancing different objectives, such as improving health outcomes, controlling spending, and achieving equity. (308)

三、將下列段落譯為英語（25分）

過去我們常說，由于中國缺乏技術人才、缺乏技術積累，經(jīng)濟增長方式只能十分粗放。但經(jīng)過30多年改革開放，情況已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。中國受過訓練的技術人才數(shù)量目前已經(jīng)居于世界第一位。技術發(fā)明也數(shù)量眾多，而且有些發(fā)明已經(jīng)接近甚至突破世界前沿�，F(xiàn)在的問題在于，新技術的產(chǎn)品化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化步履維艱，許多新技術死在搖籃之中，即使勉強轉化成了產(chǎn)品，企業(yè)也長期做不大，新技術拖成了舊技術。癥結在于缺乏有利于創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)業(yè)的體制機制環(huán)境。（204）

四、將下列短文譯為英語（50分）

氣候變化戰(zhàn)略專家認為，由于中國平均每周就要新建三座發(fā)電站，到2030年中國計劃新增的發(fā)電能力是美國、英國和澳大利亞三國現(xiàn)有發(fā)電能力的總和。這意味著要消耗大量的水資源用于冷卻和為汽輪發(fā)電機提供動力。

2010年，火力發(fā)電和水力發(fā)電分別占到中國總裝機容量的74%和22%。這意味著大多數(shù)的發(fā)電能力均依賴于水資源供應。中國的工業(yè)化、城市化進程以及不斷增長的財富將推高電力需求，進而更多地消耗本就有限的水資源。即便能源結構有所調(diào)整，預計仍將有87%的發(fā)電能力需要用水。在這種情況下，中國必須大幅提高能源效率。

能源效率與水資源利用效率同樣重要，這可以在某種程度上緩解中國的水資源壓力。近年來，中國的水資源利用效率和能源效率都有所提高，但要達到政府的目標還必須做出更多努力。（318）