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奧巴馬對(duì)非洲的說(shuō)教

A gatecrasher at Obama’s African homecoming

With every one of President Barack Obama’s trips toAfrica, he has seemed keen to make a historicstatement. His debut, a visit to Cairo , was meant to start a new phase in US-Arab relationsafter the grave misunderstandings seen during the presidency of George W Bush. The visit toGhana soon afterwards was no less significant — the nation became in 1957 the first sub-Saharan African country to gain its independence, and is the most stable democracy in westAfrica. Senegal, Tanzania and South Africa followed in 2013.

每次訪問(wèn)非洲時(shí)，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)巴拉克攠巴馬(Barack Obama)似乎都熱衷于發(fā)表一份歷史性的聲明。他初次訪問(wèn)非洲去了開(kāi)羅，當(dāng)時(shí)的用意是開(kāi)啟美國(guó)和阿拉伯關(guān)系的新篇章，以彌合喬治圠布什(George W Bush)總統(tǒng)任期內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)重誤解。不久之后他對(duì)加納的訪問(wèn)意義也很重大。加納于1957年成為第一個(gè)獨(dú)立的撒哈拉以南非洲國(guó)家，也是西非最穩(wěn)定的民主國(guó)家。接著，奧巴馬又在2013年訪問(wèn)了塞內(nèi)加爾、坦桑尼亞和南非。

Mr Obama’s fourth visit to Africa, in July, was the first time a serving US president would visiteither Kenya or Ethiopia. With Kenya, there was the added significance of a homecoming: hisfather was born in the country and died there. Indeed, in one of the president’s speeches there,he described himself as “the first Kenyan-American to be president of the United States”.

今年7月奧巴馬對(duì)非洲的第四次訪問(wèn)，是在任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)首次訪問(wèn)肯尼亞或埃塞俄比亞。對(duì)肯尼亞的訪問(wèn)還附帶了一層返鄉(xiāng)的含義：奧巴馬的父親出生在肯尼亞并亡故于此。的確，在肯尼亞的一次演說(shuō)中，奧巴馬稱(chēng)自己是“首位擔(dān)任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的肯尼亞裔美國(guó)人。”

China has been paying attention; along with the US, it is a frontrunner in the race for economicand diplomatic influence on the continent. It overtook America as Africa’s largest tradingpartner in Mr Obama’s first year in office. That might have been on Hillary Clinton’s mind when,in Senegal as secretary of state in 2012, she said: “The days of having outsiders come and ex琀爀愀挀琀 the wealth of Africa for themselves, leaving nothing or very little behind, should be overin the 21st century”. Today it is Beijing being snarky, with state news agency Xinhua deridingMr Obama for “playing the family card”.

中國(guó)一直在關(guān)注奧巴馬的訪問(wèn)。和美國(guó)一樣，在對(duì)非洲大陸經(jīng)濟(jì)和外交影響力的比賽中，中國(guó)也是一位領(lǐng)跑者。就在奧巴馬擔(dān)任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的第一年，中國(guó)超越美國(guó)成為非洲最大的貿(mào)易伙伴。2012年希拉里克林頓(Hillary Clinton)以美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿身份訪問(wèn)塞內(nèi)加爾時(shí)，在發(fā)表言論時(shí)可能對(duì)此意有所指。她說(shuō)：“外來(lái)者前來(lái)為自身利益剝削非洲財(cái)富，卻不留下任何東西或只留下極少東西，這樣的時(shí)代在21世紀(jì)應(yīng)該結(jié)束了。”如今輪到北京說(shuō)話刻薄，中國(guó)官方的新華社嘲笑奧巴馬在“打親情牌”。

Perhaps Chinese ire is a measure of the success of Mr Obama’s attempt to make up for theindifference of his first term. He has unveiled partnerships in infrastructure and trade, and aMandela Washington Fellowship targeting young African leaders. Yet the upper hand remainswith Beijing. The number of Chinese people in Africa is now estimated at more than 1m . MrObama’s final speech on the continent was delivered in the African Union’s imposing new AddisAbaba headquarters, a gift from the Chinese government.

中方的郁悶也許說(shuō)明了奧巴馬彌補(bǔ)第一任期內(nèi)冷落非洲的企圖取得成功。奧巴馬宣布了美國(guó)與非洲在基建和貿(mào)易上的合作項(xiàng)目，以及面向非洲青年領(lǐng)袖的曼德拉華盛頓獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金(Mandela Washington Fellowship)項(xiàng)目。然而，北京在非洲依然處于優(yōu)勢(shì)地位。目前在非洲的中國(guó)人估計(jì)已超過(guò)了100萬(wàn)。奧巴馬在非洲大陸的最后一通演說(shuō)，是在非洲聯(lián)盟(African Union)的新總部大樓發(fā)表的，而這棟位于亞的斯亞貝巴的氣勢(shì)宏偉的大樓是來(lái)自中國(guó)政府的禮物。

Preaching to Africa is one thing America has done better than any imperial overlord, and a USpresidential trip would not have been complete without it. In Kenya, Mr Obama spoke againstwidespread homophobia. Many Africans perceive this as an attempt to im瀀漀猀攀 an alienculture. In Ethiopia, he was scathing in his assessment of African rulers’ penchant for tenureextension. (Unlike the homosexuality point, this was extremely well received.)

在對(duì)非洲說(shuō)教方面，美國(guó)比當(dāng)年的殖民列強(qiáng)做得好，而美國(guó)總統(tǒng)在訪問(wèn)非洲期間總要說(shuō)教一番。在肯尼亞，奧巴馬發(fā)言反對(duì)普遍存在的同性戀恐懼癥。許多非洲人認(rèn)為這是企圖將外來(lái)文化強(qiáng)加于非洲。在埃塞俄比亞，他尖銳抨擊了非洲統(tǒng)治者的戀棧偏好。(與同性戀問(wèn)題上的表態(tài)不同，這一點(diǎn)得到了極大認(rèn)同。)

The pulpiteering had an air of hypocrisy. Mr Obama described the Ethiopian government, whichtook 100 per cent of the vote in May, as “democratically elected”. Yet Burundi’s July poll, inwhich the opposition took more than a quarter of the vote, was “not credible”.

奧巴馬的說(shuō)教也帶有一絲虛偽。奧巴馬稱(chēng)埃塞俄比亞政府(在今年5月的選舉中得票率高達(dá)100%)是“民主選舉產(chǎn)生的”，卻說(shuō)布隆迪7月份的選舉(反對(duì)派贏得逾四分之一選票)“不可信”。

Hanging over this Africa trip — as with Mr Obama’s previous ones — is the conundrum: “Whynot Nigeria?” It is Africa’s most populous country, and its largest economy; the US is its biggestinvestor and until last year the leading importer of its crude oil.

和奧巴馬此前的訪問(wèn)一樣，他這次非洲之旅的一個(gè)謎團(tuán)是：“為何不訪問(wèn)尼日利亞?”尼日利亞是非洲人口最多的國(guó)家，也是非洲最大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。美國(guó)是尼日利亞的最大投資者。直到去年，美國(guó)還是尼日利亞原油的最大進(jìn)口國(guó)。

Before now, Mr Obama’s apparent reluctance to visit might have been explained by strainedrelations between the two countries, with the US alleging that Nigeria’s military has been guiltyof large-scale human rights abuses and that the central government has been too tolerant ofcorruption.

此前，奧巴馬顯然不愿訪問(wèn)尼日利亞也許可以用兩國(guó)間的緊張關(guān)系解釋。美國(guó)指控尼日利亞軍方大規(guī)模侵犯人權(quán)，而尼日利亞中央政府對(duì)腐敗過(guò)于縱容。

Yet days before Mr Obama travelled to Kenya he treated Muhammadu Buhari, the new presidentelected on an anti-graft platform, to a lavish reception in Washington. Mr Buhari was asked inan interview by Christiane Amanpour of CNN if he was “disappointed” that the US leader hadyet again left out of his nation. “I wouldn’t say I was disappointed, but how I wished he’dchange his mind and go to Nigeria,” said Mr Buhari, adding that he planned to “send a formalinvitation”.

然而，就在奧巴馬赴肯尼亞訪問(wèn)幾天前，他在華盛頓盛情款待了以反腐敗為競(jìng)選平臺(tái)當(dāng)選的尼日利亞新總統(tǒng)穆罕默杜布哈里(Muhammadu Buhari)。在一次訪談中，美國(guó)有線新聞網(wǎng)(CNN)的克里斯蒂安·阿曼普爾(Christiane Amanpour)問(wèn)布哈里，奧巴馬再次將他的國(guó)家排除在外，是不是令他“失望”?布哈里回答說(shuō)：“我不會(huì)說(shuō)我很失望，但我確實(shí)非常希望他改變主意，去一下尼日利亞。”他還補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，他打算“發(fā)出正式邀請(qǐng)”。

We may yet see one final African presidential trip in 2016.

2016年，我們也許會(huì)看到奧巴馬在總統(tǒng)任期內(nèi)最后一次訪問(wèn)非洲。