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1.形式主語(yǔ)

形式主語(yǔ)通常是指it做形式主語(yǔ)的情況。在翻譯時(shí)，我們一般都將其處理為固定詞組，置于句首。形式主語(yǔ)分為以下兩種：

⑴It is+v-ed that

①It is said that....，譯為：據(jù)說(shuō)...;②It is reported that....據(jù)報(bào)道....;③It is estimated that...據(jù)估計(jì)....;④

It is suggested that...據(jù)建議....;⑤It must be admitted that…必須承認(rèn)...;⑥It should be realized that....應(yīng)該意識(shí)到...;⑦

It can be found that...可以發(fā)現(xiàn)...;⑧It is agreed that...大家一致認(rèn)為....;⑨It can not be denied that….不能否認(rèn)...;⑩It may be said without fear of exaggeration that…毫不夸張的說(shuō)....

⑵It is +adj that

It is clear/certain/natural/necessary that… ...是很明顯/很肯定的/很自然/很有必要的。例如：

①It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.奇怪的是，她并沒有看到自己的缺點(diǎn)。②In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, "United we stand, divided we fall". 在應(yīng)對(duì)如此規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，可以毫不夸張的說(shuō)“團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。”

2.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的某一個(gè)成分，所以要將這一成分倒裝到句子之前。那么在翻譯的時(shí)候我們要先將倒裝句還原成正常語(yǔ)序，然后按照正常語(yǔ)序進(jìn)行翻譯。例如：

Never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations.這個(gè)句子明顯的是一個(gè)倒裝句，never before位于句首采用部分倒裝，所以將謂語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)之前，還原成正常語(yǔ)序就是： It has never before served so much to connect different peoples and nations.翻譯成中文就是：它從來(lái)沒有連接過(guò)那么多不同的民族或國(guó)家。

3.并列結(jié)構(gòu)

并列結(jié)構(gòu)是指將句子中不同的成分，運(yùn)用連接詞把它們并列起來(lái)的結(jié)構(gòu)。最常見的連接詞是 and, or, but, 還有并列結(jié)構(gòu)：whether…or…;either…or…;both…and…;neither…nor…;not only…but also…在翻譯的時(shí)候，我們通常就按照句子的正常語(yǔ)序進(jìn)行翻譯。例如：There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.這句話按照原文的語(yǔ)序可以翻譯為：關(guān)于方法論指的是歷史研究中的特有概念，還是適合于歷史調(diào)查不同分支的研究方法，大家并未達(dá)成一致意見。