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Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (1)(Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitive technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi’s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha,) (2(the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred.) It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance” as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujarati, it seems, the word means “firmness in the truth”. (3(In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918.) Even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, (4)(indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins.) Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war?” (5)(I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type.) But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer’s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”

總體分析

本文是一篇介紹甘地的和平主義的文章。文章先介紹了甘地的和平主義的性質(zhì)、來源、具體形式等。接著指出了甘地作為和平主義者的獨特之處：首先，他雖然反對暴力，但并不否認戰(zhàn)爭的立場;其次，他不躲避回答棘手的問題。

本文考查的知識點：后置定語、插入語、it做形式主語的主語從句，等。

試題精解

1.[精解] 本題考核知識點：后置定語的翻譯。

該句是由but連接的兩個并列分句：前一分句是簡單句，后一分句是主從復(fù)合句。后一分句的主干是he claimed that...，其中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。從句中形容詞短語capable of...做后置定語，修飾名詞a technique, a method。該定語可以按照漢語習(xí)慣譯為前置定語，即，“一種可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果的明顯的技巧和方法”;也可以采用拆譯法，譯為一個句子，增譯代詞“它”做主語。

詞匯：claim意為“宣稱，聲稱，說”;definite意為“肯定的，確定的;清楚的，明顯的”，它和technique搭配時取“明顯的”含義;desired意為“渴望的，期望的”，當(dāng)它和results/effect等詞搭配時常常譯為“預(yù)期的”。

翻譯：其動機是宗教性質(zhì)的，但他也說這是一種明顯的技巧，一種方法，它可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果。

2.[精解] 本題考核知識點：后置定語的翻譯和詞義的選擇。

該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：the method... was a sort of warfare。主語the method后有兩個后置定語：一個是省略關(guān)系代詞的定語從句Gandhi proposed and practiced;另一個是過去分詞短語first evolved in...。如果把它們都譯為漢語的前置定語會很冗長，不符合漢語表達習(xí)慣。因此可把第一個定語前置，第二個定語轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語。而真正的謂語前可加上“這”或“它”指代真正的主語。表語a sort of warfare后是一個較長的同位語a way of defeating...。其中介詞短語of...做后置定語修飾名詞a way，翻譯時應(yīng)前置。

詞匯：practice意為“練習(xí)，訓(xùn)練;經(jīng)常做;從事”等，在本句中與propose(提出)對應(yīng)譯為“付諸實踐”。evolve意為“逐漸形成;進化”，但它在本句中不能將基本含義照搬，而應(yīng)意譯為“起源于(南非)”。warfare意為“作戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)爭;斗爭，沖突”等，根據(jù)上下文，該詞應(yīng)增譯為“斗爭的方式(方法)”。

翻譯：這個由甘地提出并付諸實踐的方法，最早起源于南非，是一種非暴力的斗爭方式，用既不傷害對方又不會引發(fā)仇恨的手段打敗敵人。

3.[精解] 本題考核知識點：定語和狀語的翻譯

該句是and連接的并列句，其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Gandhi served as a... and he was prepared...。前一分句中“in his early days”和“in the Boer War”都作時間狀語，修飾謂語served，翻譯時應(yīng)放在句首。“on the British side”做后置定語，修飾stretcher-bearer，應(yīng)譯為前置定語，即，“英方的擔(dān)架員”。

詞匯：serve as sth.意為“(為……)工作，服務(wù)，履行義務(wù)，盡職責(zé)”;stretcher-bearer指“抬擔(dān)架者”;on sb.’s side意為“站在某人一邊，和某人觀點一致”。

翻譯：早年間，在布爾戰(zhàn)爭期間甘地曾經(jīng)為英方抬過擔(dān)架，而且在1914-1918年戰(zhàn)爭期間他又準(zhǔn)備這么做。

4.[精解] 本題考核知識點：后置定語、主語從句的翻譯。

該句的主干是he did not take the... line，介詞短語of...做后置定語修飾賓語the line。由于定語太長，應(yīng)采取拆譯法，另起一句。動名詞pretending后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。該從句由兩個并列的分句組成：both sides are... and it makes...，后一分句中it為形式主語，從句who wins為真正的主語，漢語中不存在這種語法形式，因此可以直接將從句內(nèi)容譯為主語。
詞匯：line一詞的含義較多，但在本句中的含義是“態(tài)度，看法”;fruitless意為“沒有成果的，無成效的，徒然的”;pretend意為“假裝”，本句中它后面跟有從句，應(yīng)增譯為“假裝說”。

翻譯：而且也確實沒有采取毫無意義的、不誠實的態(tài)度，假裝說在所有戰(zhàn)爭中參戰(zhàn)雙方完全一樣，因而誰獲得勝利都無所謂。

5.[精解] 本題考核知識點：插入語、后置定語的翻譯

該句的主干是I must say，后面是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。賓語從句是一個主從復(fù)合句。主句是I have never heard an honest answer，其謂語和賓語之間插入了一個狀語成分，翻譯時可放在句首或謂語之前，譯為“從任何一個西方和平主義者那里我從未聽說過”或“我從未從任何一個西方和平主義者那里聽說過”。though引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)折狀語從句，其中介詞短語of...做后置定語，修飾賓語evasions，可譯為前置定語，也可另起一句。

詞匯：evasion意為“躲避，逃避;借口，托詞”，根據(jù)上下文可活譯為“躲閃之詞”、“逃避的說法”等。

翻譯：我必須說，我從未從任何一個西方和平主義者那里聽到過對該問題的誠實的答復(fù)，但是卻聽大了大量的躲閃之詞，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之類的回答。