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分詞(Participle)
分詞是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語。它包括現(xiàn)在分詞(present participle)和過去分詞(past participle)兩種形式,這兩種形式在句中的基本功能相同,主要起形容詞和副詞的作用,在句中作定語、狀語、表語和補(bǔ)語,請看例句:
例句: All flightsbecause of the snowstorm,we decided to take the train.
(1993年第7題)
A.were canceledB.had been canceled
C.having canceledD.having been canceled
譯文: 因?yàn)楸╋L(fēng)雪,所有的班機(jī)都被取消了,我們決定改乘火車。
分析: 此題多次在研究生及四、六級考試中出現(xiàn),是一個(gè)十分有難度的題,它所涉及的語法也是方方面面的。首先排除B選項(xiàng),因?yàn)檫^去完成時(shí)出現(xiàn)在主從復(fù)合句中,此句中無連接詞,這一點(diǎn)在時(shí)態(tài)中已講過。從句意判斷,“飛機(jī)航班的取消應(yīng)該是我們決定乘坐火車的一個(gè)原因”,所以句中all flights...the snowstorm在整個(gè)句中作一成分,即作狀語表原因,既然是一成分就不是一個(gè)句子,因而不能出現(xiàn)謂語動(dòng)詞,隨之排除A選項(xiàng)。飛機(jī)與取消之間應(yīng)該是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以排除C選項(xiàng)(表主動(dòng))。答案為D選項(xiàng)(表被動(dòng))。選項(xiàng)中C、D分別為現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式。動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,所以C、D也可稱為動(dòng)名詞完成式的主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式,但由于動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞最大區(qū)別在于動(dòng)名詞在句中不能作狀語,因而排除動(dòng)名詞的可能性,由此引申出分詞的時(shí)態(tài)。
一、分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)(Tense and Voice)
以動(dòng)詞do為例:
語態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 現(xiàn)在分詞 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having donehaving been done 過去分詞 done 從上表中可看出,現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和完成式各有主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式,而過去分詞只有一種形式,現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在用法上的區(qū)別為前者表示正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作,后者表示已經(jīng)完成的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,而現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式和完成式的被動(dòng)式則表示分詞在作狀語時(shí),分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語之間的關(guān)系(這一點(diǎn)將在“分詞的用法”中講到),F(xiàn)在分詞一般式表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,而現(xiàn)在分詞完成式則表示動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成,如上述例句中“飛機(jī)取消在我們決定乘坐火車之前”,即having been canceled的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞decided之前。另外,分詞在作狀語前提下,現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)式即having been done等同于過去分詞done, 所以上述例句中如果有canceled選項(xiàng)同為正確選項(xiàng),等同于D選項(xiàng)having been canceled。
例句: The ruling party could even lose its majority in the lower house of parliament, starting a period of prolonged struggling.(starting所表示動(dòng)作與lose所表示動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生) (2000年第13題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。分詞starting a period of prolonged struggling在句中作狀語,表示原因,相當(dāng)于because the ruling party started...。
譯文: 由于開始了一場持久之戰(zhàn),執(zhí)政黨可能會失去下議院大多數(shù)議員的支持。
例句: Having been robbed of economic importance, those states are not likely to count for very much in international political terms.(having been robbed of在are not likely to count for的動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生) (1998年第14題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。Having been robbed of economic importance在句中作狀語,表示原因,由于它與主語those states之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以使用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)式,相當(dāng)于because those states have been robbed of...。
譯文: 失去了經(jīng)濟(jì)上的重要地位,那些國家也就不會在國際政治事務(wù)中舉足輕重。
例句: Walking along the street, I saw a high building.(walking和saw的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是簡單句。分詞短語Walking along the street在句中作狀語,表示時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于when I was walking...。
譯文: 當(dāng)我沿著馬路走時(shí),看見一座高樓。
例句: Having done his homework, the boy went to bed with his little brother.(having done 在went to的動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是簡單句。分詞短語Having done his homework在句中作狀語,表示時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于after the boy had finished...。
譯文: 做完作業(yè)后,小男孩和他弟弟一起睡覺。
二、分詞的用法(Usage)
(一)充當(dāng)定語
分詞常用來修飾名詞或代詞,單個(gè)分詞作定語放在所修飾詞之前,分詞短語作定語放在所修飾詞之后;但有些過去分詞也可放在所修飾詞之后,分詞短語作定語置于句中時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)省略關(guān)系詞的定語從句。
例句: How many of us attending(=who are attending), say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。主干部分為How many of us would be interesed in the discussion。 that is irrelevant to us是修飾a meeting的定語從句, say作插入語,可譯為“比方說”, attending... a meeting作定語修飾us。
譯文: 假如我們參加了一個(gè)與我們無關(guān)的會議,有多少人會對討論感興趣呢?
例句: It is easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place(=which takes place)in our ever?changing world.
(1999年第3題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。it是形式主語,to blame the decline of...是真正的主語,分詞短語taking place in our ever?changing world修飾changes。
譯文: 人們很容易把交談減少歸咎于現(xiàn)代生活的節(jié)奏以及在我們這個(gè)不斷變化的世界中所發(fā)生的某些不太清楚的變革。
例句: On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
(2008年第48題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。在英語中,謂語動(dòng)詞后如果跟了篇幅較長的賓語,往往會將賓語補(bǔ)足語前置到賓語前面。此句的正常語序是:he(主語)+did not accept(謂語)+the charge(賓語)as well。本句中,分詞短語made by some of his critics修飾charge,that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)同位語從句在說明和解釋charge,其中又包含了一個(gè)while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
譯文: 另一方面,某些人批評他雖然善于觀察,卻不具備推理能力,而他認(rèn)為這種說法也是缺乏根據(jù)的。
例句: The emphasis on data gathered first?hand (=which have been gathered), combined with (which have been combined with) a cross?cultural perspective brought to (= which has been brought to) the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.(2003年第 63題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。主干部分為The emphasis makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science, a unique and distinctly important social science在句中作賓語this study的補(bǔ)足語,gathered first?hand及combined with a cross?cultural perspective作定語修飾data, brought to the analysis of cultures past and present作定語修飾perspective。
譯文: 強(qiáng)調(diào)收集第一手資料,加上分析過去和現(xiàn)在文化時(shí)采用跨文化視角,使得這種研究成為一門獨(dú)特的并且非常重要的社會科學(xué)。
(二)充當(dāng)表語
分詞或分詞短語放在系動(dòng)詞be, become, get, remain, seem, stay后作表語,F(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的性質(zhì)或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,過去分詞作表語則表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。
例句: Mrs. Green has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be acquainted with everyone who comes to the store. (1996年第23題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。who comes to the store是修飾everyone的定語從句,短語be acquainted with sb.意思為“與某人相識,熟悉”。
譯文: 格林女士住在城里僅一年,可是,她似乎認(rèn)識來到這個(gè)商店的每一個(gè)人。
例句: Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been pursuing the goal of a practical and economical way to use sunlight to split water molecules. (1996年第25題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。介詞短語of a practical and economical way作定語修飾goal,不定式to split water molecules作狀語表示目的。
譯文: 全世界幾十個(gè)科學(xué)團(tuán)體一直在尋求利用太陽光分解水分子既實(shí)用而又經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法。
例句: Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy?s long?term prospects even as they do some modest belt?tightening. (選自2004年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。they remain optimistic about...在句中作say的賓語從句,even as they do some modest belt?tightening是一讓步狀語從句。
譯文: 消費(fèi)者似乎只是略有擔(dān)心,并不恐慌,許多人還說,即使稍微勒緊褲帶,他們對經(jīng)濟(jì)的長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展仍然感到樂觀。
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