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2018考研英語沖刺復習不足一月，下面我們來看下翻譯部分的復習技巧。在考研英語翻譯中，英譯漢時常常有必要改變表達方式，使譯文通順流暢、地道可讀。這種變通技巧就是轉(zhuǎn)換法(shift of perspective)。轉(zhuǎn)換的形式多種多樣，大體可分為5種：①詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，②句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換，③表達方式轉(zhuǎn)換，④自然語序與倒裝語序轉(zhuǎn)換;⑤正面表達與反面表達轉(zhuǎn)換。

一、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換

詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是指英語中的某一詞類譯成漢語時轉(zhuǎn)換成另一詞類。

(一)英語名詞、介詞、形容詞或副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語動詞

(1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此，對于一個從事社會活動的人來講，培養(yǎng)一種愛好和新的情趣方式，乃是至關(guān)重要的對策。

(2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind.紅軍冒著刺骨的寒風英勇前進。

(3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and， when the first excitement was over， felt that they had done well， and deserved praise.大家都沒有認識到這番經(jīng)驗卻是一次個性的考驗，最初的興奮過去以后，又覺得自己已經(jīng)干得不錯了，理應受到贊揚。

(4) He appeared at her side， breathing audibly， a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead， rigid.她到車站不一會兒，他便出現(xiàn)在她的身旁，聽見他喘息的聲音。她凝視著前方，表情嚴峻。

(5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook， of a change of atmosphere， of a diversion of effort， is essential.然而，對所有這兩種類型的人來說，變換一下看法、改變一下環(huán)境和轉(zhuǎn)換一下注意力都是最基本的需要。

(6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey， in Kenya， that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亞，她接到了父親去世并由她本人繼承王位的消息。

(二)英語動詞、副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語名詞、形容詞

(1) The inflammation is characterized by red， swelling， fever， and pain.炎癥的特點是紅、腫、熱、痛。

(2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上星期天，來訪的客人和陪同人員一起參觀了黃鶴樓。

(3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我國政府十分關(guān)心海外華僑。

(4) Formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關(guān)系，有一個特點，就是以禮相待。

(5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美國絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星，按其設計，是在完成使命后，在大氣層中焚毀。

(三)英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語形容詞、副詞

(1) He added： "I understand and respect those views， but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision." 他還說："我理解并尊重他們的看法，但我深信我的決定是正確的。"

(2) They came back game and glee.他們興高采烈地回來了。

二、句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換

句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換是指英語中的某一句子成分譯成漢語時轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種句子成分。句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換在主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語之間展開。例如：

(1) You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在雞尾酒會上人們常�？梢钥闯龃笕宋锖蜔o名小卒來。那些遲到的就是大人物。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為表語;謂語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)

(2) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership， his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由于害怕有人陰謀****他的領(lǐng)導，他似乎完全喪失了自信。但所謂的陰謀在很大程度上是他自己假想出來的。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語，賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)

(3) Cheerful， efficient and warm-hearted， they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他們樂觀、能干、熱情，總是想方設法使你一路上順利舒適。(狀語轉(zhuǎn)換為謂語)

(4) Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.她還沒有完全失去鎮(zhèn)靜，一時卻又找不出話可說。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語，賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)

(5) This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel; there is a touch of rough poetry about him.正是這種出人意料的言論使我喜歡上了上校。他這個人還有那么點詩意呢。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語;介詞賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)

三、表達方式轉(zhuǎn)換

英漢兩種語言在表達方式上往往因角度不同而異。要克服這些差異，翻譯時也就常有必要把一種表達方式轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種表達方式，使譯文符合漢語表達習慣。

(一)英語中有一些計量詞，如score， dozen， decade， quarter等，在漢語中沒有相應的表達方式，所以在漢譯時得對其加以轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：

(1) Five score years ago， a great American， in whose symbolic shadow we stand， signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

100年以前，一位偉大的美國人簽署了解放宣言，我們現(xiàn)在就站在他象征性的庇蔭中。

(2) A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured out into the airport during that five minutes.

那5分鐘內(nèi)，有18架飛機涌進了機場。

(3) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.

87年前，我們的先輩在這個大陸上創(chuàng)建了一個新的國家。

(4) They had a dozen children， six boys and six girls， in seventeen years.

在17年中，他們生了12個孩子，6男6女。

(二)由于英漢兩種語言在表述角度上不盡相同，翻譯時常常有必要轉(zhuǎn)換角度，才能使意思明白清楚、表達自然。例如：

(1) She has been a widow only for six months.

她丈夫死了至今才不過半年。

(原文是從妻子的角度加以陳述的，而譯文是從丈夫的角度加以陳述的。如果不改變表達方式，而搬用原來的表達方式，那譯文就是："她只當了6個月的寡婦。"這就會給人以錯覺：她很快就改嫁了。)

(2)──Is there a special rate by the month?

──Yes， there is a 10% discount.

──按月計算有什么優(yōu)惠嗎?

──有，可以打9折。

四、自然語序與倒裝語序轉(zhuǎn)換

句子的自然語序是主語在前，謂語在后。倒裝語序主要是指主謂倒裝。英語中使用倒裝語序，主要是為了加強語氣、突出重點、平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)等;而漢語中使用倒裝語序相對較少，所以英譯漢時，常常得將倒裝語序轉(zhuǎn)換為自然語序。例如：

(1) Away ran the boy.男孩跑開了。

(2) Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上來了。

五、正面表達與反面表達轉(zhuǎn)換

由于思維方式的不同，英語中有些從正面表達的東西在漢語中習慣從反面來表達;而有些從反面來表達的東西在漢語中則習慣從正面來表達。因此，英譯漢時常常有必要進行轉(zhuǎn)換。這就是通常所說的"正說反譯、反說正譯"法。英語正面表達這里指的是不帶否定詞no， not ， never否定前綴non-， in-， im-， ir-， dis-和否定后綴-less等的句子，漢語正面表達則是指不帶"不"、"沒"、"非"、"未"、 "否"、 "無"、 "莫"、"勿"、"別"等否定詞語的句子;反之則是反面表達。

(一)英語正面表達轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語反面表達

frost-free refrigerator無霜冰箱

Freeze!別動!

Wet paint!油漆未干!

mortally ill 不治之癥

(1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.這項建議差點通不過。

(2)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我們相信，年輕一代將不會辜負我們的信任。

(3) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago， then New York， then San Francisco.Silence. Silence. Silence.他到一個戶外公用電話亭，先給芝加哥、又給紐約、舊金山打了電話。

(4) As a place to live， it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane， it was an excellent site， its remoteness effectively masking its activity.作為居住的地方，這里有許多不足之處，但作為改革性的新飛機秘密訓練基地，卻是非常理想的。因為它地處邊陲，人們不易發(fā)覺其中的活動。

(5) The pictures that linger in his mind， called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay， are of a simpler nature.然而，縈繞心頭的畫面，那些一經(jīng)嗅到玫瑰花香或新鮮干草的氣息便會倏地闖入記憶的情景，其實并不復雜。

(6) As he sipped his coffee， he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading.他一面喝咖啡，一面翻開油墨未干的晨報，看了起來。

(7) Father's attitude toward anybody who wasn't his kind used to puzzle me.以前我總不懂父親為什么對那些脾氣跟他不一樣的人采取那么個態(tài)度。

(8) Sadly， Edward died before he could see the new church， but his beautiful tomb is still there， with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him.遺憾的是，愛德華未能看見新教堂就去世了，但是他那幽雅的墳墓和嗣后的英國國王和王后的墳墓還都留在那里。

(二)英語反面表達轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語正面表達

(1) You can't be too careful.你要特別小心。

(2) The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on us.這些事件引起了我們的重視。

(3) Such flights couldn't long escape notice.這類飛行遲早會被人發(fā)覺的。

(4) The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking，damped-down coal stove， but soon after unconsciousness comes death.煤氣若是從封上火的煤爐漏出，人體可以忍受一些時候，但人昏迷之后，不用很久就會死亡。

(5) But there is another story， a family saga， that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President.但是，萊溫斯基和總統(tǒng)之間究竟發(fā)生了什么事，另外一個故事，即家史，最終對解開這個謎十分重要。

(6) Maintaining credibility requires confronting potential adversaries with the objective，unambiguous facts of our counter-balancing military capabilities， our political strengths and economic advantages， and our clear resolution to use these for our defense if necessary.保持這種可靠性需要以下客觀的、明確的事實來對付潛在的對手：我們達到平衡的軍事能力、我們的政治實力和經(jīng)濟優(yōu)勢以及我們必要時使用這些手段進行自衛(wèi)的毫不含糊的決心。