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(一)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個(gè)功能：表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在這兩個(gè)方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;

ougtht等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的

1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。

1)must have+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如：

My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”

[A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be

(答案為C)

2)can’t / couldn’t have+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定沒……”。如：

Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

[A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received

[C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received

(答案為A)

3)may / might have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如：

At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.

2.表示虛擬語氣。

1) needn’t have + 過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，相當(dāng)于”didn’t need to do”,譯為“其實(shí)沒必要……”。如：

You needn’t have come over yourself.

As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.

[A] needn’t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up

[C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up

(沒有必要穿的那么正式，體現(xiàn)是說話者的建議，實(shí)際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定，答案為D)

2)should have +過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，譯為“本應(yīng)該……”should not + have過去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了，譯為“本不應(yīng)該……”。如：

I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.

我本來應(yīng)該事先認(rèn)真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好，但實(shí)際上作者還是沒有規(guī)劃好，以至工作沒有完成。

3) ought to have +過去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該……”，與should 的完成式含義類似。如：

The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke .

4) could have +過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。這點(diǎn)與ought/should/ have +過去分詞用法相似。如：

What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.

5) may/ might have +過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會……”。如：

It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.

二.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞�？嫉木湫停�

1).may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，與had better相近;

Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.

既然航班已經(jīng)取消了，你不妨乘火車吧。相當(dāng)于you had better go by train。

2) .cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannot…over….如：

You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車時(shí)候，越小心越好。

The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .

3) .usedn’t 或did’t use to 為used to (do) 的否定式。

4).should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我無法想象他竟然這樣做。

三.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)關(guān)系的主動(dòng)表達(dá)法

1. want, require, worth(形容詞)后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)意義。

Your hair wants cutting

The book is worth reading

The floor requires washing.

2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，兩種形式都表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意義

The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.

The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.

(二) 形容詞、副詞及比較級最高級

一.形容詞的修飾與位置

一般來說，從構(gòu)詞法角度來看，后綴”ly”往往是副詞，但有的以“ly’結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞，這點(diǎn)要注意;形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語，表語等成份，但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前置定語;這些形容詞在修飾時(shí)候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下歸納：

1 以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞：

costly 昂貴的 lonely 孤獨(dú)的

deadly 死一般的 lively 活潑的

friendly 友好的 silly 傻氣的

kindly 熱心腸的 likely 可能的

leisurely 悠閑的 ugly 長得丑的

brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的

earthly 塵世的

2 只作以“a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語：

afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的

awake 醒著的 alone 單獨(dú)的，惟一的

alive 活著的 ashamed 羞愧的

asleep 睡著的 aware 意識到的、察覺到的

well 健康的 content 滿意的

unable 無能的

3 只作前置定語的形容詞

earthen 泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的

golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的

silken 絲一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的

wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年長的

woolen 毛織的 former 前任的 mere 僅，只不過

only 惟一的 sheer 純粹的 very 恰好的

little 小的 live 活的

4.下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞，注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要求形容詞做表語：

remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。

如：All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.

二.形容詞與副詞的比較級與最高級

1. 考比較級時(shí)，考生應(yīng)把握：

1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.

[A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as

在這里as good as 比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)候，不能省略任何一個(gè)介詞。答案為A

On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.

2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念，既是說比較要具有可比性。如：

The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half .

[A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s

[C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s

(前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”，而不能選擇B，those是指代participants，不是同類對比，答案為D。

Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.

3)比較級與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置

原級結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達(dá)倍數(shù)的詞，表示為“為….若干倍”,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時(shí)候等，他們的位置是，倍數(shù)詞+as…as…,或倍數(shù)詞+more…than…，但again一般放在原級詞之后，即 “as+原級+again+as”.如：

Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.

[A] seven more times [B] seven times more

[C] over seven times [D] seven times

(答案為B)

“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.”

[A] twice so much [B] twice as much

[C] as much twice [D] so much twice

(答案為B)

My uncle is as old again as I am

4)下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：

inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than. 如：

Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.

[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial

(答案為A)

Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986年考研題)

5)“比較級+and +比較級”或“more and more/less and less +原級”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來越……”的意思，與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動(dòng)詞有g(shù)row, get ,become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中，注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級后面都不需要用than.如：

Things are getting worse and worse.

As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.

Her health was becoming daily worse

The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.

6)比較級前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the (more)等修飾語用以加強(qiáng)語氣，表示“更加”的意思。如

Today it is even colder than yesterday

I have yet more exciting news for you

7) 有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型：

A): not so much…as…與其說……不如說……

The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or

人口增長的主要原因與其說是因?yàn)槌錾�率的提高，還不如說是因?yàn)獒t(yī)療的進(jìn)步帶來的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為B

B) no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……

The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.

[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more

(心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。答案為D)

There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.

[A] much more than [B] no more than

[C] no less than [D] any more than

(答案為D)

C)no/not any less…than…兩者一樣,都……注意基本上與no/not any more…than意思相反

She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮

D)just as… so… 正如……， ……也……(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))

Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.

[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is

(答案為C)

2.最高級形式應(yīng)注意的問題：

1)最高級比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。

in, (all) over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China, all over the world.

of, among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses.

注意：among…相當(dāng)于one of …,不說among all…。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)別開來

如：

all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.

[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案為[B]

2)比較級形式表示最高級意義時(shí)，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用：

any other +單數(shù)名詞

the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞

the others

anyone/anything else

上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，尤其是other，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。

3)most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相當(dāng)于very，用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù)，但不能用定冠詞the，如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants， 要注意與 “the +形容詞最高級+of + 名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級的區(qū)別，如：

He spoke in the warmest of voices

They have been most kind to me

Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.

Chinese is the most difficult of language

Chinese is a most difficult language

三.不用比較級和最高級的形容詞：

1)表示顏色的有：white, black

2)表示形態(tài)的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level

3)表示性質(zhì)和特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy

4)表示狀態(tài)作表語的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike

5)表示時(shí)間、空間和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final

6)表示極限、主次、等級的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite

7)含有絕對概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.

四.平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級

平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如：

The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.

大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進(jìn)對比not only…but (also) ;prefer…to…;rather than有的是同類對比：and ;but;or;both… and…;either…or…; neither…nor…..

平行結(jié)構(gòu)測試時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：

It is better to die one’s feet than .

[A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees

[C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees

(答案為D)

Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.

2.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。

1)rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語法形式相同的成分。如：

We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.

[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than

答案為A

For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.

[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say

(答案為B)

2)如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如：

At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

(三)代詞及其指代一致

一.代詞的指代

1.that的指代作用

that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如

Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role。

No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

2.one的指代作用

one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：

A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this

答案為[C]

3.do的替代作用。

do代替動(dòng)詞，注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：

For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.

二.代詞指代一致問題

代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。

Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.

這里he指代前面的person。

It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。

Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.

這里me必須用賓格形式。

代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則和規(guī)律：

1.鄰近和靠近原則

由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but (also)連接先行詞時(shí)候，如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞;如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。

Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.

Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination

If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink

2.當(dāng)no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時(shí)候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時(shí)候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形式。如：

Everybody talked at the top of his voice.

None of the boys can do it , can he?

Everything is ready, isn’t it?

3.當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語時(shí)，如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果 each位于動(dòng)詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如：

They each have two coats

we are each responsible for his own family

4.由and連接兩個(gè)先行詞，代詞用復(fù)數(shù)

如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

(四) 主謂一致問題

主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則：

語法一致原則

意義一致原則

就近一致原則

很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個(gè)原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個(gè)原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定�？偨Y(jié)如下：

一.謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況

1.動(dòng)名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：

Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.

(1987年考研題)

To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.

2.表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。

Two weeks was too long

Five times five makes twenty five

3.一般用and連接的兩個(gè)單詞或短語做主語時(shí)候，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但是下面用and連接的主語表示一個(gè)概念，謂語用單數(shù)：

law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水

a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉

the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索

horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月

bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落

如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.

A. is B. are C. was d. were

答案：A。

4.表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時(shí)候謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式

Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.

5.有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上是單數(shù)，根據(jù)意義一致原則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

The chaos was stopped by the police

The news is a great encouragement to us

A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.

6.用and 連接的成份表示一個(gè)單一概念時(shí)候，動(dòng)詞謂語用單數(shù)形式

Bread and butter is our daily food

Time and tide waits for no man

二. 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情況

1. 由and, both …and, 連接的并列主語，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語后面謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.

2.集體名詞police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞

The Chinese people are brave and hardworking

The cattle are grazing in the sunshine

3.當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式

The Japanese were once very aggressive

4.某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)

The rich are not always selfish

5.不可數(shù)名詞作主語，其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)

Three million tons of coal were exported that year

三.謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情況

1. 就近一致原則

這種情況下，謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動(dòng)詞的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)，存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能：

1) 由連詞 either…or…; neither…nor…; whether… or…;not only…but (also) ;or 等連接的并列主語

Neither money nor fame has influence on me

Not only you but also he is wrong

2) 在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動(dòng)詞與后面的第一個(gè)主語一致

Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.

Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.

Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili

2. 主語帶有(together/along)with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致

Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.

The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. (1981年考研題)

3.關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：

Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.

(1996年考研題)

There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.

(1990年考研題)

4.一些表示數(shù)量的短語與名詞連用時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)，名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，反之就用單數(shù)。這些短語包括：a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth…) of; eighty(ten, twenty…) percent; part of; rest of ; none of 等等

Two-thirds of people present are women

Lots of damage was caused by the fire

5.集體名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語表示的意思和數(shù)，當(dāng)表示整體時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個(gè)體時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)。這些集體名詞如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm, family 等等

The family is the basic unit of our society

The family were watching the TV

The audience was enormous

The audience were greatly moved at the words

6.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語與謂語的數(shù)：

第一組：

a great many + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

a number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

the majority of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

第二組;

the number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)

each/every + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)

neither/either of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)

one and a half + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)

第三組;

more than one + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)

many a + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)

第四組;

the greater part of

a large proportion of

50% of

one third of

plenty of

the rest of

謂語的數(shù)與of 后面的名詞一致

第五組;

(n)either…(n)or….

not only….. but also ……

not …..but ……

謂語的數(shù)與主語的第二部分(即(n)or/ but also/ but引導(dǎo)的后面部分)一致.

注意比較：

More students than one have been referred to

More than one student is going to buy this book

(五)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語在前、謂語在后的正常語序排列，而是將謂語或謂語的一部分移到主語之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段，目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，考試多為部分倒裝�？忌鷳�(yīng)掌握什么情況下需要倒裝,并對倒裝后的句子能夠認(rèn)出來，避免做題時(shí)候的盲目和迷茫。

一. 用全部倒裝的情況

全部倒裝一般是存在以下列副詞開頭的句子中，全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語序顛倒過來，把謂語移到主語前面：

1)出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in ,up, away, on。如：

Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.

Up went the plane

2)出于習(xí)慣用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如：

Now is your turn. There goes the bell.

Here is a ticket for you

There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work

注意：here，there用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)主語一般為名詞，如果是人稱代詞則不需要倒裝

“ where is the cup?” “Here it is!”

Here you are.

There he comes.

3)有時(shí)主語較長，為了使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，主謂要全部倒裝。這種情況多出現(xiàn)在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.

In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.

二. 采用部分倒裝情況

部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語的一部分(主要是助動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞)放到句子主語前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝，而全部倒裝則把句子的謂語(包括實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)都放在主語前

1.下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時(shí)，若置于句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：

never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如：

Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.

Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.

(1985年考研題)

注：1)如果謂語動(dòng)詞是單個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，倒裝時(shí)需根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)加助動(dòng)詞do。如：

Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.

(1983年考研題)

2)考生要廣義理解“句首”的概念，注意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首。如：

Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.

2.以only修飾狀語(副詞，介詞短語，狀語從句)開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：

only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如：

Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.

[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can

3.以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：

often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time。如：

So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

[A]became the children [B]become the children

[C]had the children become [D]do the children become

(2001年考研題，答案為D)

4.比較從句的倒裝：

as, than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語是名詞短語且較長，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(不倒裝也可以)。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：

Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.

Today’s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.

Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.

5.用于前面所說的情況也適用于另一人(物)的肯定句或否定句中的倒裝

1) 肯定重復(fù)倒裝用：so

They have got up, and so has jack

2) 否定重復(fù)倒裝用：nor, neither, no more

If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they

6.“not only..but also”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，如果not only 放在句首，則前半句but (also)句子后面不倒裝

Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.

三. 特殊的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

特殊形式的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是指句子雖然是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而往往是出于強(qiáng)調(diào)的需要，把強(qiáng)調(diào)部分移到句首，而其它部分順序不需要改變，句子主謂不需要倒裝。出現(xiàn)這樣的情況有以下幾種可能：

1.讓步從句的倒裝。

1)as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：

Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.

Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight

2).出現(xiàn)在句型be+主語+其他，come what may中。如：

While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.

The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was (答案為B)

3) no matter how(who…);however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：

No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting

However cold it is , he always goes swimming.