• 2025考研復(fù)試伴學(xué)班
• 2025考研復(fù)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)班
• 2026考研英語全程班
• 26考研全科上岸規(guī)劃營「擇校▪規(guī)劃▪備考」
• 2025考研專業(yè)課復(fù)習(xí)資料「真題▪筆記▪講義▪題庫」

　

Section I Use of English

What impact can mobile phones have on their users‘ health？ Many individuals are concerned about the supposed ill effects caused by radiation from handsets and base stations， 1 the lack of credible evidence of any harm. But evidence for the beneficial effects of mobile phones on health is rather more 2 。 Indeed， a systematic review 3 by Rifat Atun and his colleagues at Imperial College， rounds up 4 of the use of text-messaging in the 5 of health care. These uses 6 three categories： efficiency gains; public-health gains; and direct benefits to patients by 7 text-messaging into treatment regimes.

Using texting to 8 efficiency is not profound science， but big savings can be achieved. Several 9 carried out in England have found that the use of text-messaging reminders 10 the number of missed appointments with family doctors by 26-39%， and the number of missed hospital appointments by 33-50%. If such schemes were 11 nationally， this would translate 12 annual savings of ￡256-364 million.

Text messages can also be a good way to deliver public-health information， particularly to groups 13 are hard to reach by other means. Text messages have been used in India to 14 people about the World Health Organization’s strategy to control lung disease. In Iraq， text messages were used to support a 15 to immunize nearly 5 million children 16 paralysis.

17 ， there are the uses of text-messaging as part of a treatment regime. These involve sending reminders to patients to 18 their medicine， or to encourage accordance with exercise regimes. However， Dr. Rifat notes that the evidence for the effectiveness of such schemes is generally 19 ， and more quantitative research is 20 。

1. ［A］ so ［B］ even ［C］ despite ［D］ and

2. ［A］ interesting ［B］ abundant ［C］ clear ［D］ reasonable

3. ［A］ went ［B］ came ［C］ performed ［D］ turned

4. ［A］ approaches ［B］ situations ［C］ problems ［D］ examples

5. ［A］ reality ［B］ reorganization ［C］ delivery ［D］ discovery

6. ［A］ fall into ［B］ sum up ［C］ associate with ［D］ subject to

7. ［A］ cooperating ［B］ incorporating ［C］ adapting ［D］ adopting

8. ［A］ rise ［B］ boost ［C］ produce ［D］ encourage

9. ［A］ questions ［B］ incidents ［C］ cases ［D］ trials

10. ［A］ reduces ［B］ degrades ［C］ deserves ［D］ drops

11. ［A］ called upon ［B］ switched to ［C］ rolled out ［D］ went through

12. ［A］ into ［B］ for ［C］ on ［D］ from

13. ［A］ what ［B］ whose ［C］ which ［D］ who

14. ［A］ ask ［B］ inform ［C］ adopt ［D］ contact

15. ［A］ campaign ［B］ event ［C］ decision ［D］ communication

16. ［A］ off ［B］ with ［C］ against ［D］ in

17. ［A］ Finally ［B］ However ［C］ Usually ［D］ Obviously

18. ［A］ buy ［B］ receive ［C］ get ［D］ take

19. ［A］ unscientific ［B］ real ［C］ anecdotal ［D］ legal

20. ［A］ gained ［B］ acquired ［C］ needed ［D］ given

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A］，［B］，［C］ or ［D］。 Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）

Text 1

Prudent investors learned long ago that putting your eggs into lots of baskets reduces risk. Conservationists have now hit on a similar idea： a population of endangered animals will have a better chance of survival if it is divided into interconnected groups. The prospects of the species will be better because the chance that all the constituent subpopulations will die out at the same time is low. And， in the long term， it matters little if one or two groups do disappear， because immigrants from better-faring patches will eventually reestablish the species‘ old haunts.

One endangered species divided in just this way is the world’s rarest carnivore， the Ethiopian wolf， which lives high in the meadows of the Bale Mountains. Just 350 exist in three pockets of meadow connected by narrow‘ valleys in the Bale Mountains National Park， with a further 150 outside this area.

Two of the main threats to the Ethiopian wolf come from diseases carried by domestic dogs. One of these， rabies， is of particular concern because it is epidemic in the dog population. At first blush， vaccinating the wolves against rabies seems a simple solution. It would be ambitious， because the prevailing thinking — that all individuals matter and therefore all outbreaks of disease should be completely halted — implies that a large proportion of wolves would need to be vaccinated.

Dan Haydon， of the University of Glasgow， and his colleagues believe that conservation biologists should think differently. With the exception of humans， species are important but individuals are not. Some outbreaks of disease can be tolerated. In a paper published this week in Nature， they recast the mathematics of vaccination with this in mind.

On epidemiologists’ standard assumption that every individual counts， vaccination programmes are intended to prevent epidemics by ensuring that each infected animal， on average， passes the disease on to less than one healthy animal. This implies that around two-thirds of all the wolves would need to be vaccinated. A programme that sought to save a species rather than individuals would allow each infected wolf to pass the disease on to more than one healthy animal and hence require fewer vaccinations. Dr Haydon and his colleagues have calculated， using data from a rabies outbreak in 2003， that vaccinating between 10% and 25% would suffice， provided veterinarians gave jabs to those wolves living in the narrow valleys that connect the subpopulations.

If the threat of rabies arose every five years， targeting all the wolves in the corridors would cut the risk of extinction over a 20-year period by fourfold. If this were backed up by vaccinating a mere 10% of the wolves in the three connected meadows， the chance of extinction would drop to less than one in 1，000. Saving a few seems to be an efficient way of protecting the many.

21. By citing prudent investors‘ idea， the author wants to illustrate that___________.

［A］ conservationists got inspirations from it.

［B］ endangered animals can be protected in a similar way.

［C］ the prospects of some species depend on conservation.

［D］ the subpopulations will die without being put into different groups.

22. The Ethiopian wolf___________.

［A］ is facing the risk of extinction as the rarest carnivore.

［B］ is separated into three groups to achieve survival.

［C］ lives in narrow valleys in the Bale Mountains.

［D］ has altogether 350 alive in the world.

23. The idea that nearly all the wolves would need to be vaccinated___________.。

［A］ is due to that rabies carried by dogs is epidemic.

［B］ is very easy to be realized by local medical administration.

［C］ is based on the thinking that every wolf is necessarily protected.

［D］ is supported by Dan Haydon of the University of Glasgow.

24. From the last two paragraphs， we know that___________.

［A］ if each individual counts， one-third of wolves have to be vaccinated.

［B］ Dr. Haydon proved epidemiologists’ standard assumption is right.

［C］ to vaccinate 10% to 25% of wolves living in the connected meadows is enough.

［D］ it takes 20 years to reduce risk of extinction if all the wolves are targeted.

25. The main purpose of the text is to___________.

［A］ show the dangers Ethiopian wolves are facing with.

［B］ inform people of the prospects Ethiopian wolves.

［C］ teach how to divide Ethiopian wolves into groups.

［D］ tell how to protect Ethiopian wolves from rabies.

Text 2

It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs， which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled， allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world. This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanley‘s Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the “global labor arbitrage” is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs. It is no longer just basic data processing and call centers that are being outsourced to low-wage countries， but also software programming， medical diagnostics， engineering design， law， accounting， finance and business consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world， exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition.

The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than lm American service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4m jobs in services will have moved abroad， but that is tiny compared with the 30m jobs destroyed and created in America every year. The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored， when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies.

Alan Blinder， an economist at Princeton University， believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects of off-shoring， and that in future two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing. This would imply that at least 30% of all jobs might be at risk. In practice the number of jobs off-shored to China or India is likely to remain fairly modest. Even so， the mere threat that they could be shifted will depress wages：

Moreover， says Mr. Blinder， education offers no protection. Highly skilled accountants， radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad， whereas humble taxi drivers， janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring. This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates hat fallen by 6% since 2000， a bigger decline than in average wages.

In the 1980s and early 1990s， the pay gap between low-paid， low-skilled workers and high-paid， high-skilled workers widened significantly. But since then， according to a study by David Autor， Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney， in America， Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily standardized skilled jobs in the middle， such as accounting， that are now being squeezed hardest. A study by Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer， at the Institute for International Economics in Washington D. C.， confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.

26. To off-shore services that were once non-tradable results from ___________.

［A］ the blue-collar job market

［B］ the geographic location of the Underdeveloped world

［C］ the fierce competition among skilled workers

［D］ the dive of telecoms fee

27. Which of the following statements is the typical reply concerning off-shoring？

［A］ Service-sector has sustained a great loss.

［B］ White-collar workers will not have a narrow escape.

［C］ Most economists underestimated the effects of off-shoring.

［D］ Outsourcing abroad has no significant impact.

28. According to the text， Forrester Research Prediction might be different if ___________.

［A］ outsourcing abroad is large enough to matter much

［B］ the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise

［C］ more comprehensive factors are taken into account

［D］ education improvement in emerging economies plays a role

29. The narrative of the text in the last three paragraphs concentrates on ___________.

［A］ the standard retort to the arguments

［B］ off-shoring and the resulting income

［C］ the future off-shoring

［D］ the counter-measures at hand

30. Which of the following could be the best title for the text？

［A］ Business consulting.

［B］ Blue-collar jobs.

［C］ Non-tradable services.

［D］ White-collar blues.

Text 3

The mythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs and values of that culture. By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger generations， a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important. Just as important as the final lesson to be gathered from the stories， however， are the characters and the roles they play in conveying that message.

Perhaps the epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values can be found in Aesop’s Fables， told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire. Aesop， a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative and descriptive tales， almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in his short stories. Humans， when at all present， almost always played the part of bumbling fools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice of characterization allows us to see that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans， implying that deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by， rather than steanning from， human beings.

Aesop‘s fables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance， reflecting the importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans was used to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level of understanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. For example， one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapes on a very high vine. After failing at several attempts， the fox gives up， making up its mind that the grapes were probably sour anyway. The fable’s lesson， that we often play down that which we can‘t achieve so as to make ourselves feel better， teaches the reader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of the human psyche.

The mythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as Aesop’s fables did. The stories of Roman gods， Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations those lessons considered most important to their community， and today they offer a powerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environment in which those culture existed.

31. The author appears to view fables as ______.

［A］ the most interesting and valuable form of mythology

［B］ entertaining yet serious subjects of study

［C］ a remnant tool of past civilizations， but not often used in the modern age

［D］ the primary method by which ancient values and ideas were transmitted between generations

32. The way that fables were used in the past is most similar to today‘s ______.

［A］ fairy tales that entertain children at home

［B］ stories in children’s school textbooks that reinforce the lesson

［C］ science documentaries that explain how nature works

［D］ movies that depict animals as having human characteristics

33. The main purpose of paragraph 3 is to ______.

［A］ examine how one of Aesop‘s fables sheds light on certain facets of Greek belief

［B］ dissect one of Aesop’s fables in order to study the elements that make up Greek mythology

［C］ learn from the lesson presented in one of Aesop‘s most well-known fables

［D］ illustrate a fable typical of Aesop’s style， so as to examine how one goes about studying the meaning behind it

34. The author names the Roman， Aztec and European cultures in order to ______.

［A］ identify other cultures in which fables were the primary method by which to pass on traditions and values

［B］ explicitly name the various types of characters in those culture‘s fables

［C］ stress that mythology was used by cultures other than the Greeks to convey societal morals

［D］ establish them， in addition to the Greeks， as the societies most notable for their mythology

35. The main point of this text is ______.

［A］ Aesop’s fables provide a valuable glimpse into early Greek thought and beliefs

［B］ the most efficient and reliable way to study the values system of an ancient culture is through study of its mythology

［C］ without a thorough examination of a society‘s fables and other mythology， a cultural study on that society would be only partial

［D］ through the study of a culture’s mythological tradition， one can discern some of the underlying beliefs that shaped those stories

Text 4

Much has been written about poverty but none of the accounts seem to get at the root of the problem. It must be noted that the debilitating effects of poverty are not only the result of lack of money but are also the result of powerlessness．The poor are subject to their social situation instead of being able to affect it through action，that is，through behavior that flows from an individual‘s decisions and plans. In other words，when social scientists have reported on the psychological consequences of poverty，it seems reasonable to believe that they have described the psychological consequences of powerlessness. The solution to poverty most frequently suggested is to help the poor secure more money without otherwise changing the present power relationships. This appears to implement the idea of equality while avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power. But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness，not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor，and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a large supply of goods and services，the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely，unless accompanied by other measures，to be ineffective in a wealthy society．

In order to reduce poverty — related psychological and social problems in the United States，the major community will have to change its relationship to neighborhoods of poverty in such fashion that families in the neighborhoods have a greater interest in the broader society and can more successfully participate in the decision-making process of the surrounding community. Social action to help the poor should have the following characteristics：the poor should see themselves as the source of the action；the action should effect in major ways the preconceptions of institutions and persons who define the poor；the action should demand much in effect or skill；the action should be successful and the successful self-originated important action should increase the feeling of potential worth and individual power of individuals who are poor.

The only initial resource which a community should provide to neighborhoods of poverty should be on a temporary basis and should consist of organizers who will enable the neighborhoods quickly to create powerful，independent，democratic organizations of the poor. Through such organizations，the poor will then negotiate with the outsiders for resources and opportunities without having to submit to concurrent control from outside．

36. By“powerless”（sentence 2，Para 1），the author most probably means that the poor__________.

［A］ have no right to make individual decisions and plans

［B］ can not exercise control over other groups of people

［C］ are not in a condition to change their present situation

［D］ are too weak to resist any social situation imposed on them

37. The author expresses his opinion in the first paragraph that _________.

［A］ the hopeless condition of the poor is caused by their powerlessness rather than lack of money

［B］ great efforts should be made to help poor to secure more money without changing present power relationships

［C］ it is no use raising the incomes of the poor while not improve their state of powerlessness

［D］ in helping the poor attention should be paid to avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power

38. According to the author，the primary role of the major community in helping the neighborhoods of poverty is _______.

［A］ to provide long-term assistance from outside

［B］ to offer necessary opportunities of securing more money

［C］ to carry out more social programs in the neighborhoods

［D］ to lend experienced advice in the formation of democratic self-help organizations

39. What does the word“concurrent”（Para. 3）most probably mean？

［A］ Following.

［B］ Subsequent.

［C］ Previous.

［D］ Simultaneous.

40. The main purpose of the author in writing the passage is _______.

［A］ to criticize the present methods employed to help the poor

［B］ to analyze the social and psychological aspects of poverty

［C］ to propose a way in which the poor can be more effectively helped

［D］ to describe the attitude of the community towards the poor

Part B

Sample One

Directions：

In the following text， some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A – G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option？ It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be hopeless. Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient， the doctor， and nature in these situations.

Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide？ When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain， those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.（41）___________________________________________.

What role should the doctor have？ Doctors， when taking the Hippocratic oath， swear to preserve life at all costs， and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath. It is their responsibilities to heal the sick， and in the cases when healing is not possible， then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable. Doctors are trained never to hasten death. （42）___________________________________________. Doctors are also， by virtue of their humanness， capable of making mistakes. Doctors could quite possibly say， for instance， that a cancer patient was terminal， and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious. There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs.

（43）________________________________________________________________________.

These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted-suicide question. For instance， patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions. Pain clouds judgment， and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny. Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment， so they shouldn’t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it. Doctors are also fallible， and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur. （44）__________________________________________________________________.

I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service. If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery， and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine that seems merciful rather than criminal. If we can agree to this， then I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable request. （45）__________________________________________________.

Life is indeed precious， but an inevitable part of life is death， and it should be precious， too. If life has become an intolerable pain and intense suffering， then it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beauty， one should have the right to end her or his suffering quietly， surely， and with family and friends nearby.

［A］ If one simply withholds treatment， it may take the patient longer to die， and so he may suffer more than he would if more direct action were taken and a lethal injection given.

［B］ The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature. Life is precious. Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another‘s life. Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die. To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws， but to break divine laws as well.

［C］ Since doctors are trained to prolong life， they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide.

［D］ There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies， for example， nature. Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces.

［E］ Without the doctor’s previous treatment， the person would surely be dead already. Doctors have intervened for months or even years， so why not sanction this final， merciful intervention？

［F］ There is no single， objectively correct answer for everyone as to when， if at all， one’s life becomes all things considered a burden and unwanted. If self-determination is a fundamental value， then the great variability among people on this question makes it especially important that individuals control the manner， circumstances， and timing of their death and dying.

［G］ Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime， and they should be dealt with accordingly.

Part B

Sample Two

Directions：

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41 – 45， you are requirec to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A – G to fill in each numbered box. Two paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1（10 points）

［A］ This work， though， were relatively small-scale. Now， a much larger study has found that discrimination plays a role in the pay gap between male and female scientists at British universities.

［B］ Besides pay， her study also looked at the “glass-ceiling” effect -- namely that at all stages of a woman’s career she is less likely than her male colleagues to be promoted. Between postdoctoral and lecturer level， men are more likely to be promoted than women are， by a factor of between 1.04 and 2.45. Such differences are bigger at higher grades， with the hardest move of all being for a woman‘ to settle into a professorial chair.

［C］ Seven years ago， a group of female scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology produced a piece of research showing that senior women professors in the institute’s school of science had lower salaries and received fewer resources for research than their male counterparts did. Discrimination against female scientists has cropped up elsewhere. One study—conducted in Sweden， of all places—showed that female medical-research scientists had to be twice as good as men to win research grants.

［D］ Sara Connolly， a researcher at the University of East Anglia‘s school of economics， has been analyzing the results of a survey of over 7，000 scientists and she has just presented her findings at this year’s meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Norwich. She found that the average pay gap between male and female academics working in science， engineering and technology is around ￡ 1，500 （$ 2，850） a year.

［E］ To prove the point beyond doubt， Dr Connolly worked out how much of the overall pay differential was explained by differences such as seniority， experience and age， and how much was unexplained， and therefore suggestive of discrimination. Explicable differences amounted to 77% of the overall pay gap between the sexes. That still left a substantial 23% gap in pay， which Dr Connolly attributes to discrimination.

［F］ That is not， of course， irrefutable proof of discrimination. An alternative hypothesis is that the courses of men‘s and women’s lives mean the gap is caused by something else; women taking “career breaks” to have children， for example， and thus rising more slowly through the hierarchy. Unfortunately for that idea， Dr Connolly found that men are also likely to earn more within any given grade of the hierarchy. Male professors， for example， earn over ￡ 4，000 a year more than female ones.

［G］ Of course， it might be that， at each grade， men do more work than women， to make themselves more eligible for promotion. But that explanation， too， seems to be wrong. Unlike the previous studies， Dr Connolly‘s compared the experience of scientists in universities with that of those in other sorts of laboratory. It turns out that female academic researchers face more barriers to promotion， and have a wider gap between their pay and that of their male counterparts， than do their sisters in industry or research institutes independent of universities. Private enterprise， in other words， delivers more equality than the supposedly egalitarian world of academia does.

Sample Three

Directions：

You are going to read a text about the introduction on how to pay in the future， followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A – F for each numbered subheading （41 - 45）。 There is one extra example which you do use. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 （10 points）

Smart cards and mobile phones are quickly emerging as ways to pay with electronic cash.

41. A cash call.

42. Sending money home

43. Energising money

44. How to pay in Tokyo

45. Flashing the plastic

［A］ The various “contactless” payment systems rely on a technology called “near-field communication” （NFC）。 But mobile phones can be much smarter. They can be de-activated remotely; they have a screen which can show information， like a credit balance and product information; they have a keyboard to enter information and they can communicate. This means they can also be used to authorise larger payments by entering PIN codes directly on the handset or topped up with stored credit from an online bank account without having to go to an ATM.

［B］ A decade ago some observers predicted that internet banking would render retail banking from high-street branches obsolete. But JPMorgan， Bank of America and others are adamant that people are nowadays using bank branches more than ever. Even if the phone and the smart card replace cash， who gets to collect the fees remains open to contention.

［C］ More banking services are also being offered on mobiles. On February 12th， 19 telephone operators with networks in over 100 countries said that people would be able to use their handsets to send money abroad. MasterCard will operate the system in which remittances will be sent as text messages. Sir John Bond， formerly chairman of the HSBC banking group and now chairman of Vodafone， has long been convinced that payments and mobiles would somehow converge. “Mobile phones have the ability to make a dramatic change to village life in Africa，” he says.

［D］ Unlike the Japanese， Americans prefer to use plastic for their purchases. Cards account for more than half of all transactions， up from 29% a decade ago， according to Nilson Report. More than 1.5 billion credit cards are stuffed into Americans’ wallets. The average household has more than ten. Banks and credit-card firms hope to convert more cash and cheque payments to plastic with new smart cards. Some versions are already very successful. Many Americans use EasyPass， in which drivers pay for highway tolls wirelessly.

［E］ Nowadays， some of the hottest nightclubs have a new trick for checking the identity of their VIP guests： they send an entry pass in the form of a super bar code to their mobile phones. Mobile phones are becoming an increasingly popular way to make all sorts of payments. In America fans of the Atlanta Hawks have been testing specially adapted Nokia handsets linked to their Visa cards to enter their local stadium and to buy refreshments. It reckons worldwide payments using mobile phones will climb from just $ 3.2 billion in 2003 to more than $ 37 billion by 2008.

［F］To see the potential of mobile-phone money， start in Japan. Most Japanese have at least one credit card， but they tend to stay in their owners‘ pockets. Housewives routinely peel off crisp YI0 000 （$ 82） notes to pay for their shopping. Utility bills and other invoices are dutifully taken to the bank and paid in cash， or more likely these days at the local convenience store. Yet despite the popularity of cash， the mobile phone is starting to change even Japan’s traditional habits.“

Sample Four

Directions：

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about AIDS. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph （41-45）。 There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

［A］ What route does HIV take after it enters the body to destroy the immune system？

［B］ How and when did the long-standing belief concerning AIDS and HIV crop up？

［C］ What is the most effective anti-HIV therapy？

［D］ How does HIV subvert the immune system？

［E］ In the absence of a vaccine， how can HIV be stopped？

［F］ Why does AIDS predispose infected persons to certain types of cancer and infections？

In the 20 years since the first cases of AIDS were detected， scientists say they have learned more about this viral disease than any other.

Yet Peter Piot， who directs the United Nations AIDS program， and Stefano Vella of Rome， president of the International AIDS Society， and other experts say reviewing unanswered questions could prove useful as a measure of progress for AIDS and other diseases.

 

Among the important broader scientific questions that remain：

A long-standing belief is that cancer cells constantly develop and are held in check by a healthy immune system. But AIDS has challenged that belief. People with AIDS are much more prone to certain cancers like non-Hodgkins lymphomas and Kaposi‘s sarcoms， but not to breast， colon and lung， the most common cancers in the United States. This pattern suggests that an impaired immune system， at least the type that occurs in AIDS， does not allow common cancers to develop.

When HIV is transmitted sexually， the virus must cross a tissue barrier to enter the body. How that happens is still unclear. The virus might invade directly or be carried by a series of different kinds of cells.

Eventually HIV travels through lymph vessels to lymph nodes and the rest of the lymph system. But what is not known is how the virus proceeds to destroy the body’s CD-4 cells that are needed to combat invading infectious agents.

Although HIV kills the immune ceils sent to kill the virus， there is widespread variation in the rate at which HIV infected people become ill with AIDS. So scientists ask： Can the elements of the immune system responsible for that variability be identified？ If so， can they be used to stop progression to AIDS in infected individuals and possibly prevent infection in the first place？

In theory， early treatment should offer the best chance of preserving immune function. But the new drugs do not completely eliminate HIV from the body so the medicines， which can have dangerous side effects， will have to be taken for a lifetime and perhaps changed to combat resistance. The new policy is expected to recommend that treatment be deferred until there are signs the immune system is weakening.

Is a vaccine possible？

 

There is little question that an effective vaccine is crucial to controlling the epidemic. Yet only one has reached the stage of full testing， and there is wide controversy over the degree of protection it will provide. HIV strains that are transmitted in various areas of the world differ genetically. It is not known whether a vaccine derived from one type of HIV will confer protection against other types.

Without more incisive， focused behavioral research， prevention messages alone will not put an end to the global epidemic.

Part C

Directions：

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlines segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

One of the most fashionable treatments for disease， gene therapy， has so far made little headway in tackling one of the most modish of illnesses， AIDS and the human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） that causes it. （46）The idea of gene-therapy treatment for HIV/AIDS would be to create a gene that， when placed in an infected person， would make all of the offspring of the cell into which it was inserted resistant to the virus. Even if the virus continued to destroy the patient‘s immune cells， new ones that could not be infected would replace them. Eventually， the disease would no longer threaten the health of the patient.

A first step towards this has been achieved by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania and VIRxSYS， a biotechnology firm based near Baltimore. （47）Rather than inserting a gene directly， they removed the immune cells from people and replaced them with versions that had been modified to resist the virus. The results were published in this week’s issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The team treated five infected patients who had not responded to at least two different programmes of treatment using conventional anti-retroviral drugs. They removed from each patient‘s blood the cells called “helper T-cells” that would normally mobilise the immune response to the virus. （48）These were purified and stuffed with a form of HIV that had been altered to carry a mirror image or “antisense” version of a molecule that enables it to multiply. This genetic fiddling disrupted the reproduction of the virus inside infected cells.

Such a small experiment was designed merely to establish whether the approach was safe. But the researchers were pleasantly surprised to find that the number of viruses in each patient dropped. This suggests that the treatment was tackling the disease effectively in difficult patients for whom conventional drugs had failed. （49）According to Carl June of the University of Pennsylvania， their immune systems responded “as if they were on a vaccine” and it appeared as though their bodies were “vaccinating themselves” against HIV.

The researchers are now moving to the next phase of study， which will involve more patients， including those whose disease is in its early stages. （50）If later trials confirm the early positive results， this approach could prove a useful complement to existing drugs or a future vaccine—and may even replace them.

Part C

Second III Writing

Part A

51. Directions：

You have just learned that your friend Joe had his ankles injured and was in hospital now. Write a letter to him to convey your concern about his injury.

You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter， using ”Li Ming“ instead. （10 points）

Part B

52. Directions：

Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should

1） Describe the cartoon，

2） deduce the purpose of the drawer of the picture， and

3） give your comments.

You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）

英語模擬模擬題參考答案及解析

Section I Use of English

1. ［答案］ C 本題考查邏輯關(guān)系

［解析］“許多人擔(dān)心手機(jī)及通信基站的輻射會(huì)對(duì)身體有害”和“缺乏可靠證據(jù)”兩個(gè)分句之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，［C］despite的意思是“盡管，不管”，表轉(zhuǎn)折，符合題意。［D］and表并列，雖也說得通，但沒有［C］despite貼切。 ［A］ so表結(jié)果，［B］even表遞進(jìn)，均不符合題意。

2. ［答案］ B 本題考查語義搭配

［解析］上文提到許多人擔(dān)心手機(jī)及通信基站的輻射會(huì)對(duì)身體有害但缺乏可靠證據(jù)，下文提到研究者已經(jīng)匯總了手機(jī)有利健康的案例并將其分類，可見關(guān)于手機(jī)對(duì)健康有益的證據(jù)是越來越多，［B］abundant的意思是“豐富的，充裕的”，符合題意。從下文內(nèi)容可以知道研究人員匯總了150條手機(jī)短信用于提供醫(yī)療保健服務(wù)的事例，說明證據(jù)是豐富的，而［C］clear“明顯的，清晰的”，不符合題意。［A］interesting和［D］reasonable不符合題意。

3. ［答案］ C 本題考查語義搭配

［解析］此處意思是“一篇系統(tǒng)性綜述是由研究者撰寫的”，而［C］ performed的意思是carried out“進(jìn)行（實(shí)驗(yàn)等）”，符合題意。

4. ［答案］ D 本題考查語義搭配

［解析］ 這句分句的主語是a systematic review，研究人員進(jìn)行研究和撰寫系統(tǒng)性綜述時(shí)必須擺事實(shí)、講道理，沒有實(shí)例，其研究結(jié)論也站不住腳，故［D］examples“實(shí)例，例證，例子” 符合題意。 ［B］situations“情形”具有迷惑性，但從整個(gè)句子來看，“150個(gè)事例”更有說服力。 ［A］approaches“方法”和［C］problems“問題”均不符合題意。

5. ［答案］ C 本題考查語義搭配

［解析］ 根據(jù)句意可知此處指的是發(fā)送醫(yī)療保健服務(wù)的短信，而［C］delivery的意思是“遞送，投遞，交付”，符合題意。 ［D］discovery“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，文中所指并不是發(fā)現(xiàn)短信，而是發(fā)送短信，故不正確。 ［A］reality“事實(shí)”和［B］reorganization“重新組織”均不合題意。

6. ［答案］ A 本題考查語義搭配

［解析］ ［A］fall into的意思是“分成，變成”，文中意思是“根據(jù)用途可以把短信分為三類”，下文即具體列出三類用途；故［A］fall into符合題意。 ［B］sum up的意思是“概括，總結(jié)”，往往指歸納觀點(diǎn)和證詞。 ［C］associate with“聯(lián)系起來”和［D］subject to“征服，遭受”均不符合題意，排除。

7. ［答案］ B 本題考查形近詞辨析

［解析］incorporate 的意思是“ 包含，吸收”，通常與介詞in或者into搭配。本句話的意思是“通過將短信與治療方案進(jìn)行整合”。

8. ［答案］ B 本題考查語義搭配

［解析］ 這一段的第二句舉了英國的幾項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)：短信提醒功能將手機(jī)用戶同家庭醫(yī)生的約會(huì)錯(cuò)過率降低了26%到39%，同醫(yī)院的約會(huì)錯(cuò)過率則減少了33%到50%，由此可以推斷編發(fā)短信可以提高工作效率， ［B］ boost“增強(qiáng)（某事物）的力量，提高（某事物）的價(jià)值”符合題意。［A］rise具有很大的迷惑性，它也有提高的含義，但其是不及物動(dòng)詞，后應(yīng)接介詞，所以排除。 ［C］ produce“生產(chǎn)”和［D］encourage“鼓勵(lì)”均不符合題意。

9. ［答案］D 本題考查語義搭配

［解析］ 句子中的數(shù)據(jù)只有根據(jù)試驗(yàn)才能獲得，［D］trials“（對(duì)能力、質(zhì)量、性能等的）測(cè)試、試驗(yàn)、考驗(yàn)”符合題意。 ［C］cases的意思是“事例”，只通過一些事例，是不能得到精確的數(shù)據(jù)的，只有通過試驗(yàn)才可以獲得。 ［A］questions“問題”和［B］incidents“事件”均不符合題意，排除。

10. ［答案］ A 本題考查語義搭配

［解析］ 上文提到利用編發(fā)短信來提高工作效率，也就是降低了錯(cuò)過率，［A］reduces“減少”符合題意。 ［B］degrades的意思是“降級(jí)，下降”，但一般指降低身份；［D］drops的意思是“降落，使 （某物）落下”，均不符合題意。 ［C］deserves“應(yīng)得，值得”不符合題意。

11. ［答案］ C 本題考查語義搭配

［解析］在這個(gè)條件狀語從句中需要補(bǔ)充完整的是such schemes的動(dòng)作，［C］rolled out的意思是to make a new product available for people to buy or use=launch“推出，推開，發(fā)行，啟動(dòng)”，符合題意。［A］called upon的意思是“號(hào)召，呼吁”，號(hào)召的對(duì)象通常是人，而不是such schemes，故不入選。 ［B］switched to“轉(zhuǎn)向”和［D］went through“經(jīng)歷，仔細(xì)檢查”均不符合題意。

12. ［答案］ A 本題考查動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配

［解析］translate into意為“翻譯成、轉(zhuǎn)化為”故［A］into符合題意。［B］for、［C］on、［D］from均不與translate搭配，排除。

13. ［答案］ D 本題考查定語從句。

［解析］ groups在這里的意思是“人群”，需要填一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞以引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾groups，修飾人的關(guān)系代詞是［D］who。 ［C］which常用于修飾某物，所以排除。 ［A］what相當(dāng)于the thing that/the things that，［B］whose是修飾物的所有格，均不符合題意，排除。

14. ［答案］ B 本題考查動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配

［解析］ 這句話意思是“印度已使用短信_(tái)_____國際衛(wèi)生組織的結(jié)核病防控策略”，［B］inform“通知或報(bào)告某人（某事），告訴某人”符合題意。［D］contact表示“接觸，交往”，不符合文意。 ［A］ask“詢問”和［C］adopt“采用”均不符合題意，排除。

15. ［答案］ A 本題考查動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配

［解析］ 上文闡述了手機(jī)短信也是傳播公共衛(wèi)生信息的一個(gè)好途徑，可應(yīng)用于為兒童接種疫苗的行動(dòng)中，［A］campaign“運(yùn)動(dòng)（為某一社會(huì)的、商業(yè)的或政治的目的而進(jìn)行的一系列有計(jì)劃的活動(dòng)）”符合題意。［B］event尤指重要的大事，事件，不符合題意；［C］decision“決定、結(jié)果”看似正確，但不能表達(dá)句子完整的意思，排除。［D］communication“通訊”不符合題意，排除。

16. ［答案］ C 本題考查介詞用法

［解析］此處意思應(yīng)該是預(yù)防children患上polio，而［C］against有in preparation for（sth．）“為…做準(zhǔn)備”之意，符合題意。［A］off、［B］with、［D］in均不符合題意，排除。

17. ［答案］ A 本題考查邏輯關(guān)系

［解析］ 文章的第一段講述了手機(jī)短信的三類用途。第二、三段分別是手機(jī)短信的第一、第二個(gè)功能，那么第三段應(yīng)該就是最后一個(gè)功能，［A］Finally“最后”符合題意，入選。 ［B］However“然而，可是”，表轉(zhuǎn)折，但文章此處并無轉(zhuǎn)折含義，故排除；文章第一段提出短信的這些用途可以分為三類，下面三段分別闡述一種短信的用途，如選［D］Obviously“明顯地”，就不能體現(xiàn)文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。 ［C］Usually“通常”不符合題意，排除。

18. ［答案］ D 本題考查固定搭配。

［解析］ “服藥”的慣用表達(dá)是take medicine，故［D］take符合題意，入選。［A］buy、［B］receive、［C］get與medicine搭配都不能表示“服藥”的意思，排除。

19. ［答案］ C 本題考查語義搭配

［解析］ However表轉(zhuǎn)折，說明有關(guān)這些手機(jī)短信作用效果的例證還不完全可信，［C］anecdotal“多趣聞?shì)W事的，軼事一樣的”，anecdotal evidence在心理學(xué)上稱為“軼事證據(jù)”，即粗淺的證據(jù)，經(jīng)常以故事形式出現(xiàn)：比如“我記得那時(shí)…”，“我聽說…”，這種證據(jù)通常不準(zhǔn)確、不可靠，故 ［C］anecdotal符合題意。 ［A］unscientific“不科學(xué)的”雖然放進(jìn)句子中也通順，但需要進(jìn)一步的定量研究，去證明這些作用是否科學(xué)，而不是過早地下定論，故［A］排除。 如選［B］real“真實(shí)的”或［D］legal“合法的”，說明有關(guān)這些作用效果的例證是真實(shí)的或是合法的，而這樣的例證是不需要進(jìn)一步定量研究的，故二者不符合題意，排除。

20. ［答案］ C本題考查語義搭配［解析］最后一句話中里法特提出更多定量研究是______，［C］needed“需要的”符合題意。 ［A］gained和［B］acquired的意思都是“獲得的”，放進(jìn)句子意思不對(duì)。［D］given“給予的、特定的”不符合題意，排除。

全文翻譯

手機(jī)對(duì)使用者健康會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么樣的影響呢？許多人擔(dān)心手機(jī)手持裝置及通信基站的輻射會(huì)對(duì)身體有害，不過始終缺乏可靠依據(jù)，而關(guān)于手機(jī)對(duì)健康有益的證據(jù)卻越來越多。的確，在倫敦皇家學(xué)院里法特•亞頓及其同事撰寫的一篇系統(tǒng)性綜述中，就匯總了150條手機(jī)短信用于提供醫(yī)療保健服務(wù)的事例。短信的這些用途可以分為三類，即提高工作效率、促進(jìn)公共衛(wèi)生宣傳以及通過將短信與治療方案進(jìn)行整合直接惠及病人。

利用編發(fā)短信來提高工作效率并不是多么高深的科學(xué)，但是能節(jié)省大筆費(fèi)用。比如，英國有幾項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，短信提醒功能將同家庭醫(yī)生的約會(huì)錯(cuò)過率降低了26％到39％，同醫(yī)院的約會(huì)錯(cuò)過率則減少了33%到50%。設(shè)若這種短信提醒系統(tǒng)能推廣到全國，則相當(dāng)于每年節(jié)省2.56～3.64億英鎊。

手機(jī)短信也是傳播公共衛(wèi)生信息的一個(gè)好途徑，對(duì)那些通過其他方式難以傳達(dá)到的人群，比如青少年，或者是在沒有其他通信手段的發(fā)展中國家，更是如此。比如，印度已使用短信來宣傳國際衛(wèi)生組織的結(jié)核病防控策略。在伊拉克，短信則被用來聲援一項(xiàng)給將近5百萬的兒童接種天花疫苗的行動(dòng)。

最后，手機(jī)短信還可作為治療方案的一部分，其中包括提醒病人適時(shí)服藥、督促病人按要求進(jìn)行鍛煉。然而，里法特強(qiáng)調(diào)，有關(guān)這些作用效果的例證一般都是道聽途說來的，尚需進(jìn)一步定量研究

 

Section II Reading Comprehension

Text 1

21. ［答案］ B

［解析］推理題。第一句提到的謹(jǐn)慎投資者的想法是一種類比，把雞蛋放到多個(gè)籃子里可以減少風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，說的是規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的方法，而第二句切入主題，環(huán)保主義者認(rèn)為保護(hù)瀕危動(dòng)物也可以采取與此類似的方法，因此選項(xiàng)［B］正確。文中并沒有說環(huán)保主義者的想法是從投資者那里得到的啟發(fā)，排除［A］；選項(xiàng) ［C］、［D］也不是由此推出的，均排除。

22. ［答案］ A

［解析］細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段介紹埃塞俄比亞狼共兩句話，主要指出它是瀕危動(dòng)物，是世界上最少的食肉動(dòng)物，選項(xiàng)［A］是同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故正確。第二段 第一句只是提到它以上段敘述的方式被分成小組，但沒有具體的數(shù)字，選項(xiàng)［B］錯(cuò)誤；定語從句指出它住在貝爾山脈的草地中，可見選項(xiàng)［C］錯(cuò)誤；第二句介紹貝爾山脈中有350只，另外還有150只在這一地區(qū)外面，所以共有500只，因此［D］錯(cuò)誤。

23. ［答案］ C

［解析］推理題。題干中的想法出現(xiàn)在第三段最后一句，從implies一詞可知其理由是破折號(hào)之間的 thinking的同位語，即所有個(gè)體都很重要，任何疾病的發(fā)作都要被完全制止，因此選項(xiàng)［C］符合文意。選項(xiàng)［A］的內(nèi)容只是客觀事實(shí)，不是這一想法的原因；第三句提到給狼群注射疫苗看似簡(jiǎn)單，但其實(shí)不然，排除［B］；第四段第一句介紹了Dan Haydon的觀點(diǎn)，顯然與題干相對(duì)，說明他不贊同這一想法，排除 ［D］。

24. ［答案］ C

［解析］推理題。最后兩段主要介紹了流行病學(xué)家的設(shè)想和Dr Haydon的研究，他們的觀點(diǎn)正好相反，首先排除［B］，選項(xiàng)［A］在第五段第一、二句提及，文中說的是三分之二需要注射疫苗而不是三分之一；選項(xiàng) ［D］是對(duì)最后一段第一句的斷章取義；選項(xiàng)［C］則是對(duì)第五段最后一句的正確理解，故選［C］。

25. ［答案］ D

［解析］主旨題。全文從一開頭就將分散避險(xiǎn)的方法提出來，然后具體討論了保護(hù)埃塞俄比亞狼免受狂犬病威脅的辦法，最后一句重申了解救少數(shù)可以更有效地保護(hù)多數(shù)的觀點(diǎn)，因此本文的主要目的是介紹如何保護(hù)埃塞俄比亞狼的方法，故選［D］。其他選項(xiàng)都是片面的。

全文翻譯

謹(jǐn)慎的投資者很早以前就學(xué)會(huì)通過分散投資來降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。自然資源保護(hù)者最近偶然得出一個(gè)相似的想法：將瀕危物種的種群劃入幾個(gè)互相聯(lián)系的亞種群將增加它們的存活率。此舉將為該物種帶來更好的前景，因?yàn)楦鱽喎N群的成員同時(shí)滅亡的可能性較低。而且，從長(zhǎng)期看來，就算物種的一兩個(gè)亞種群消失了也無關(guān)緊要，因?yàn)槟切﹣碜允澄锍渑嬷�地�?ldquo;新移民”最終將重建物種原有的生境。

埃塞俄比亞狼（Ethiopian wolf）就是根據(jù)此種方式分群而居的瀕危物種之一。它們是世界上最珍稀的食肉動(dòng)物，居住在貝爾山脈（Bale Mountains）的高地草場(chǎng)上。在貝爾山國家公園的三塊由狹窄峽谷相聯(lián)接的袖珍草場(chǎng)之上，僅存活著350余只埃塞俄比亞狼，另有150余只生存在其他地區(qū)。

埃塞俄比亞狼群所面臨的主要威脅有兩類來自于家犬所攜帶的疾病。其中之一為狂犬病，尤為令人擔(dān)憂，因?yàn)檫@是家犬種群的常見疾病。乍一看來，為狼群注射防狂犬病疫苗是一種簡(jiǎn)單的辦法。不過這個(gè)想法未免脫離實(shí)際，因?yàn)槿藗兤毡檎J(rèn)為，每一匹狼都很緊要，因此應(yīng)當(dāng)避免狂犬病在任何一匹狼體內(nèi)爆發(fā)，而這意味著將要為大量狼群注射疫苗。

格拉斯哥大學(xué)（University of Glasgow）的丹·何頓（Dan Haydon）及其同事認(rèn)為，保育生物學(xué)家（conservation biologist）們的想法應(yīng)該不同。除人類以外，種群比個(gè)體來得重要。疾病在某些個(gè)體中爆發(fā)是可以接受的。本周刊登于《自然（Nature）》雜志的一篇論文稱，他們基于上述想法，重新提出了計(jì)算疫苗接種數(shù)的數(shù)學(xué)方法。

根據(jù)流行病學(xué)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)假設(shè)：以個(gè)體來計(jì)算，要阻止流行病的爆發(fā)，疫苗接種方案要確保平均每個(gè)受感染的動(dòng)物將疾病傳播給其他健康的動(dòng)物的數(shù)量少于一。這就意味著約有三分之二的狼群需要接受疫苗。但若某方案目的是拯救某個(gè)物種而非該物種中所有個(gè)體，它將允許上述疾病傳播數(shù)量多于一，從而減少需要接受疫苗的狼群數(shù)量。何頓博士和他的同事曾采用2003年狂犬病爆發(fā)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算，結(jié)果表明，如果獸醫(yī)為那些居住在連接各分部狼群的峽谷中的狼注射疫苗，那么大約10%到25%的狼群接受疫苗就足夠了。

如果對(duì)居住于峽谷內(nèi)的所有狼群每五年開展一次狂犬病治療，在20年內(nèi)，埃塞俄比亞狼種滅亡的可能性將降低四倍。如果，在這一做法的基礎(chǔ)之上，再加上對(duì)三個(gè)相互聯(lián)結(jié)的草場(chǎng)內(nèi)僅10%的狼群注射疫苗，埃塞俄比亞狼種滅亡的可能性將減至低于千分之一。拯救某物種的少量個(gè)體看來是保護(hù)該物種大部分個(gè)體的有效之道。

Text 2

26. ［答案］ D

［解析］細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段的第二、三句話指出“電信費(fèi)用大幅度下降，使身處遙遠(yuǎn)地點(diǎn)的工作者與發(fā)達(dá)世界的客戶連接在一起。這能夠把以前無法進(jìn)行交易的服務(wù)推向海外”�？梢婋娦欧矫娴囊蛩仄鹆艘欢ǖ淖饔�。故本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D。在閱讀時(shí)要注意借助于指代詞理清上下句之間的關(guān)系。

27. ［答案］ D

［解析］細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第二段首句中的“standard”一詞的含義不是“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的”，而是“常見的、一般的、典型的”。本句的大意是：“對(duì)上述論點(diǎn)的典型的（或常見的）反駁是向海外外包服務(wù)太微不足道了以至于不會(huì)有多大影響”。由此可以推斷本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D。

28. ［答案］ C

［解析］推理題。第二段的第三句對(duì)“Forrester Research”的相關(guān)預(yù)測(cè)進(jìn)行了介紹。第二段尾句（即第四句）針對(duì)“Forrester Research”的預(yù)測(cè)指出了其中的問題（trouble）之所在。第二段尾句的大意是：“問題在于這樣的研究?jī)H考慮到那些已經(jīng)被移往境外的工作……”。由此可以推斷本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是C。

29. ［答案］ B

［解析］推理題。本題的答案可以從第三段的尾句、第四段的尾句和尾段的第一、二句中推理得出。第三段的尾句涉及“wages”，第四段的尾句涉及“median wage”和“average wages”，尾段第一、二句涉及“pay gap”以及“the middle-income group”等相關(guān)詞語。由此可以推斷本題的正確選項(xiàng)是B。

30. ［答案］ D

［解析］主旨題。本題的答案信息分布在全文的字里行間，但是最關(guān)鍵的信息在全文首段的第一句（即全文的中心主旨句）。首段第一句的大意是：“目前，被外包到海外的不只是藍(lán)領(lǐng)工作，過去被認(rèn)為不會(huì)受國外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)影響的白領(lǐng)工作也正在被外包到海外”。由此可以推斷本題的正確選項(xiàng)是D。

全文翻譯

目前，被外包到海外的不只是藍(lán)領(lǐng)工作，過去被認(rèn)為不會(huì)受國外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)影響的白領(lǐng)工作也正在被外包到海外。電信費(fèi)用大幅度下降，使身處遙遠(yuǎn)地點(diǎn)的工作者與發(fā)達(dá)世界的客戶連接在一起。這能夠把以前無法進(jìn)行交易的服務(wù)推向海外。Morgan Stanley的 Roach先生一直注意到這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，這就是“全球勞動(dòng)力套利”正在轉(zhuǎn)移到更好的工作種類上。不再僅僅是基本的數(shù)據(jù)處理和呼叫中心被外包給低工資國家，軟件編程，醫(yī)療診斷，工程設(shè)計(jì)，法律，會(huì)計(jì)，金融和商業(yè)咨詢也正在被外包給低工資國家。這些現(xiàn)在都可以從世界上任何地方電子化傳送。這使得熟練的白領(lǐng)工人面臨更大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

對(duì)上述論點(diǎn)的典型的反駁是向海外外包服務(wù)太微不足道了以至于不會(huì)有多大影響。到目前為止接近100萬個(gè)美國服務(wù)部門的工作已經(jīng)丟到了境外。Forrester Research預(yù)測(cè)到2015年在服務(wù)部門總共會(huì)有340萬份工作被轉(zhuǎn)到國外，但是相對(duì)于美國每年消失和新創(chuàng)造的3000萬個(gè)工作機(jī)會(huì)而言的確是非常少。問題在于這樣的研究?jī)H考慮到那些已經(jīng)被移往境外的工作，但實(shí)際上能夠被轉(zhuǎn)移的工作的比率將會(huì)隨著新興國家的信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展以及教育的提高而上升。

Princeton 大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家Alan Blinder認(rèn)為絕大部分的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家正在低估轉(zhuǎn)移到境外的破壞性影響，而且在未來相當(dāng)于制造業(yè)被轉(zhuǎn)移的工作的兩到三倍的服務(wù)業(yè)的工作也可能被轉(zhuǎn)移。這可能意味著有至少30%的工作可能有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而事實(shí)上轉(zhuǎn)移到中國或者印度的工作數(shù)目可能仍然相當(dāng)少。即使如此，單就他們可能被轉(zhuǎn)移的威脅就足以降低工資水平。

而且，Blinder先生說到，教育并不能提供任何的保護(hù)。通過電子化傳輸，高技能的會(huì)計(jì)，放射學(xué)家或者計(jì)算機(jī)的編程員現(xiàn)在不得不參與到來自國外的的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。而粗俗的計(jì)程車司機(jī)，守衛(wèi)和起重機(jī)駕駛員這些工作依然很安全不會(huì)有被移到海外的危險(xiǎn)。這可能有助于解釋為什么美國畢業(yè)生的中等真實(shí)工資水平自2000年以來已經(jīng)下降了6% ，比一般工資水平下降的多。

在20世紀(jì)80年代以及90年代早期，低收入低技能工人和高收入高技能工人之間的收入差距顯著增大了。但是自從那時(shí)起，根據(jù)David Autor， Lawrence Katz和 Melissa Kearney的一項(xiàng)研究，在美國，英國和德國，底層和頂層的工人比中等收入的工人的表現(xiàn)要好。在印度，辦公室清理找不到人手�，F(xiàn)在類似于會(huì)計(jì)這種中等的而且其技能很容易被標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的工作是被壓榨的最厲害的。來自Washington， DC國際經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所的Bradford Jensen 和 Lori Kletzer的一項(xiàng)研究則肯定了暴露在外國競(jìng)爭(zhēng)下的從事可貿(mào)易服務(wù)的工人勢(shì)必比那些從事不可貿(mào)易的工人和可貿(mào)易的制造業(yè)工人的技能要求更高。

Text 3

31. ［答案］ B

［解析］態(tài)度題。作者對(duì)寓言的評(píng)價(jià)需要綜合分析，第一段第一句指出，了解一種文化中的神話傳說可以為了解該文化中人們的信仰及價(jià)值觀念提供極其重要的深刻見解，第三段最后一句提到這個(gè)故事以輕松的形式告訴讀者或聽眾人心靈中的一個(gè)弱點(diǎn)，所以選項(xiàng)［B］是對(duì)寓言的最佳概括，為正確答案。選項(xiàng)［A］未提及；選項(xiàng)［C］轉(zhuǎn)折句部分明顯錯(cuò)誤；選項(xiàng)［D］中的essential 屬于過度推斷。

32. ［答案］ B

［解析］推理題。第一段第二句與題干對(duì)應(yīng)，其中指出寓言是用來警戒后世的年輕人吸取前人的教訓(xùn)，一個(gè)社會(huì)就用這種方式將其最為珍視的觀點(diǎn)、理念都表露出來，因此選項(xiàng)［B］最接近這種作用。其他選項(xiàng)都是娛樂和科學(xué)方式，可排除。

33. ［答案］ A

［解析］ 主旨題。第三段前兩句指出《伊索寓言》的中心主題以及最終目的，然后舉例加以說明，因此四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有［A］最恰當(dāng)?shù)馗爬�了本段的大意，其他選項(xiàng)都比較片面。

34. ［答案］ C

［解析］推理題。文章最后一段提到其他地區(qū)的文化，第一句說明了目的，即其他文化或社會(huì)中的神話也和伊索寓言一樣展現(xiàn)出這些文化各自的內(nèi)在特征，所以選項(xiàng)［C］最符合文義。選項(xiàng)［A］中的primary method沒有根據(jù)；選項(xiàng)［B］和［D］都是對(duì)原文的錯(cuò)誤理解。

35. ［答案］ D

［解析］主旨題。本文首句即為主題句，了解一種文化中的神話傳說可以為了解該文化中人們的信仰及價(jià)值觀念提供極其重要的深刻見解，第二、三段以《伊索寓言》為例進(jìn)行了討論，最后總結(jié)并呼應(yīng)主題，所以選項(xiàng)［D］正確。選項(xiàng)［A］觀點(diǎn)片面；選項(xiàng)［B］、［C］無法在文中找到依據(jù)。

全文翻譯

了解一種文化中的神話傳說可以為了解該文化中人們的信仰及價(jià)值觀念提供極其重要的深刻見解。通過異想天開 —— 有時(shí)甚至是不可思議的故事來創(chuàng)造一種口頭傳誦的傳統(tǒng)，以此來解釋自然世界中的種種奇觀，警戒后世的年輕人要吸取前人的教訓(xùn)，一個(gè)社會(huì)就用這種方式將其最為珍視的觀點(diǎn)、理念都表露出來。然而，與人們從故事中所得到的教訓(xùn)一樣重要的是這些故事中的人物在傳遞這個(gè)信息的過程中所扮演的角色，也就是所起的作用。 或許我們可以從希臘帝國時(shí)期被人們不斷重復(fù)傳誦的《伊索寓言》中找到神話的縮影以及它是如何被當(dāng)成一種工具來傳遞文化價(jià)值觀的。伊索是一個(gè)奴隸，由于想像力豐富而且他的故事描述逼真而獲得王公大臣的寵幸，而他的小故事里的角色幾乎專門由各種動(dòng)物來擔(dān)綱。如果有人出現(xiàn)在他的故事中，那么這個(gè)人幾乎總是扮演犯錯(cuò)的笨蛋，故而總是拼命吸取故事中提出的教訓(xùn)。選擇這種人物刻畫手段以及擬人化手法使我們了解到希臘人將智慧定位于超越人類智力之上的層面上，這意味著深層次的智慧和理解力是人類普遍追求的共同品質(zhì)，并非人類所固有。 《伊索寓言》的中心主題是謙虛恭謹(jǐn)和自力更生，它反映出，在早期的希臘社會(huì)中具有這些品質(zhì)是非常重要的。作者常用人的愚行來反襯寓言的最終目的，那就是達(dá)到對(duì)自然以及人性中的真理的更深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)和進(jìn)一步的理解。例如，一篇很有名的寓言記載了一只狐貍?cè)�番五次試圖得到一支很高的葡萄藤上的一串葡萄的故事。幾次失利之后，狐貍便放棄了，并讓自己相信這樣一個(gè)事實(shí) —— 這串葡萄很可能很酸。與寓言中的狐貍一樣，我們常常貶低那些自己做不到的事情，以此尋求心理安慰。這個(gè)故事以輕松的形式告訴讀者或聽眾人心靈中的一個(gè)弱點(diǎn)，讓人們以此為戒。 正如《伊索寓言》揭示出希臘社會(huì)里的一些特點(diǎn)一樣，其他文化或其他社會(huì)中的神話也展現(xiàn)出這些文化各自的內(nèi)在特征。有關(guān)羅馬諸神、阿茲特克鬼魂還有歐洲小精靈的故事都在教導(dǎo)先輩這方面發(fā)揮了一些作用，教會(huì)他們?nèi)チ私饽切��?duì)社會(huì)非常重要的事情，時(shí)至今朝，這些神話故事就像一面鏡子，力量無窮，人們通過它去評(píng)估、去思忖神話所代表的文化是處于什么樣的環(huán)境中的。

Text 4

36. ［答案］ C

［解析］ 詞義題。題干中的信號(hào)詞“powerlessness”，出自于文章第一段第二句話中。文章第一段指出：必須認(rèn)識(shí)到，人們之所以貧窮，不只是因?yàn)槿鄙馘X，還因?yàn)闆]有權(quán)勢(shì)；窮人容易受他們所處的社會(huì)狀況的影響，而不能通過行動(dòng)來影響社會(huì)狀況，也就是說不能通過產(chǎn)生于個(gè)人的決定和計(jì)劃中的行動(dòng)來影響社會(huì)狀況。這說明：作者最可能的意思是說“窮人不能通過行動(dòng)來影響社會(huì)狀況”。［C］項(xiàng)中說“ are not in a condition to change their present situation”， 這與文章的意思相符。

37. ［答案］ C

［解析］ 細(xì)節(jié)題。作者在第一段中指出：人們之所以貧窮，不只是因?yàn)槿鄙馘X，還因?yàn)闆]有權(quán)勢(shì)；窮人容易受他們所處的社會(huì)狀況的影響，而不能通過行動(dòng)來影響社會(huì)狀況；解決貧窮建議最多的方法就是幫助窮人確保掙更多的錢而不改變目前的權(quán)力關(guān)系；但是，因?yàn)樨毟F的結(jié)果與沒有權(quán)勢(shì)有關(guān)，并不是與窮人可用的錢的實(shí)際供給有關(guān)，所以，在一個(gè)富裕社會(huì)，如果不伴有其他措施，增加窮人收入的解決方法可能不會(huì)產(chǎn)生效果。這說明，作者認(rèn)為，“幫助窮人確保掙更多的錢而不改變目前的權(quán)力關(guān)系”這種方法可能不會(huì)產(chǎn)生效果。［C］項(xiàng)中說“it is no use raising the incomes of the poor while not improve their state of powerlessness”，這與作者的觀點(diǎn)相符。

38. ［答案］ D

［解析］ 細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第二段指出：為了減少貧窮，較大的社團(tuán)將不得不改變其同貧窮的鄰居之間的關(guān)系；文章第三段指出：一個(gè)社團(tuán)應(yīng)該給貧窮的鄰居提供早期的物質(zhì)支持，這些活動(dòng)應(yīng)該包括一些組織的組織者，那些組織者能夠使鄰居迅速創(chuàng)建窮人的有影響、獨(dú)立、民主的組織。這說明，作者認(rèn)為，較大社團(tuán)的主要作用是在創(chuàng)建窮人的民主組織方面提供幫助。［D］項(xiàng)中說“to lend experienced advice in the formation of democratic self-help organizations”，這與作者的觀點(diǎn)相符。

39.［答案］ D

［解析］詞義題。文章第三段指出：一個(gè)社團(tuán)應(yīng)該給貧窮的鄰居提供早期的物質(zhì)支持，這些活動(dòng)應(yīng)該包括一些組織的組織者，那些組織者能夠使鄰居迅速創(chuàng)建窮人的有影響、獨(dú)立、民主的組織；通過這樣的組織，窮人將與外界洽談資源和機(jī)會(huì)，而不必屈從于來自外界的、同時(shí)發(fā)生的操縱。這說明，該單詞的意思應(yīng)該是“同時(shí)發(fā)生的”。

40. ［答案］ C

［解析］主旨題。作者在第一段提到了對(duì)解決貧窮的方法的看法，認(rèn)為這些方法可能沒有效果；在第二段，作者提出了自己的扶貧方法；第三段講的是較大的社團(tuán)在幫助貧窮的鄰居時(shí)應(yīng)該采取的方法。這說明：作者寫本文的主要目的是探討如何扶貧。［C］項(xiàng)中說“to propose a way in which the poor can be more effectively helped”，這與作者的目的相符

全文翻譯

有關(guān)貧窮，人們已寫了不少東西，但沒有哪篇文章似乎要從根本上解決這個(gè)問題。必須認(rèn)識(shí)到：人們之所以貧窮，不只是因?yàn)槿鄙馘X，還因?yàn)闆]有權(quán)勢(shì)。窮人容易受他們所處的社會(huì)狀況的影響，而不能通過行動(dòng)來影響社會(huì)狀況，也就是說不能通過產(chǎn)生于個(gè)人的決定和計(jì)劃中的行動(dòng)來影響社會(huì)狀況。換句話說，當(dāng)社會(huì)科學(xué)家報(bào)道了有關(guān)貧窮的心理結(jié)果時(shí)，有理由相信他們已經(jīng)描述了沒有權(quán)勢(shì)的心理后果。解決貧窮建議最多的方法就是：幫助窮人確保掙更多的錢而不改變目前的權(quán)力關(guān)系。這表現(xiàn)為實(shí)現(xiàn)平等的愿望而又避免對(duì)已建立的權(quán)力中心產(chǎn)生任何不必要的威脅。但是，因?yàn)樨毟F的結(jié)果與沒有權(quán)勢(shì)有關(guān)，并不是與窮人可用的錢的實(shí)際供給有關(guān)，因?yàn)殡S著一個(gè)社會(huì)需要更多的物質(zhì)、提供更多的服務(wù)，用一定的錢購買權(quán)勢(shì)的總就會(huì)減少，所以，在一個(gè)富裕社會(huì)，如果不伴有其他措施，增加窮人收入的解決方法可能不會(huì)產(chǎn)生效果。

為了減少貧窮 — 這是與美國的心理和社會(huì)有關(guān)的問題，較大的社團(tuán)將不得不改變其同貧窮的鄰居之間的關(guān)系，他們采用這樣的方式：鄰居的家庭對(duì)更廣泛的社會(huì)有更濃厚的興趣，這些家庭能更成功地參與周圍社團(tuán)的決定過程。幫助窮人的社會(huì)行為應(yīng)該具有以下特點(diǎn)：窮人應(yīng)把他們自己當(dāng)作行動(dòng)的源泉；行為應(yīng)該以更多的方式影響社會(huì)團(tuán)體和那些確定窮人范圍者的偏見；行動(dòng)應(yīng)該在作用或技能方面多提要求；行動(dòng)應(yīng)當(dāng)成功，成功的、自發(fā)的重要行動(dòng)將增強(qiáng)窮人的潛在價(jià)值感以及窮人的個(gè)體力量。

一個(gè)社團(tuán)應(yīng)該給貧窮的鄰居提供早期的物質(zhì)支持，這種物質(zhì)支持應(yīng)該建立在臨時(shí)基礎(chǔ)之上，這些活動(dòng)應(yīng)該包括一些組織的組織者，那些組織者能夠使鄰居迅速創(chuàng)建窮人的有影響、獨(dú)立、民主的組織。通過這樣的組織，窮人將獲得與外界洽談資源和機(jī)會(huì)，而不必屈從于來自外界的，同時(shí)發(fā)生的操縱。

Part B

Sample One

41. D 42. G 43. B 44. C 45. E

分析

本文主要談?wù)撚舍t(yī)生幫助的自殺是否合法的問題。作者在文章中提到了反對(duì)者和支持者的理由，同時(shí)提出了自己的觀點(diǎn)。

全文翻譯

由醫(yī)生幫助的自殺究竟是不是一種合法的方案？當(dāng)病人極為疼痛而且看來沒有希望康復(fù)的時(shí)候，這涉及結(jié)束一個(gè)病入膏肓的病人的生命的極端措施。那些反對(duì)由醫(yī)生幫助自殺的人是考慮到在這種情況下病人、醫(yī)生和自然的作用。

病人在由醫(yī)生幫助的自殺過程中應(yīng)當(dāng)發(fā)揮積極作用嗎？當(dāng)一個(gè)人病入膏肓而且極為疼痛的時(shí)候，那些反對(duì)由醫(yī)生幫助的自殺的人說，病人的命運(yùn)不應(yīng)當(dāng)由病人自己來決定。在決定一個(gè)人何時(shí)死亡方面，有一些更大的力量在起作用，譬如自然�？茖W(xué)或個(gè)人喜好都不應(yīng)優(yōu)先于這些更大的力量。

醫(yī)生應(yīng)當(dāng)起什么作用？醫(yī)生在宣讀希波克拉底誓言的時(shí)候已宣誓不惜一切代價(jià)保護(hù)生命，他們?cè)诘赖潞头�律上都有義務(wù)遵守這個(gè)誓言的字面意思和精神實(shí)質(zhì)。他們的責(zé)任是治好病人，在不可能治愈的情況下，醫(yī)生有義務(wù)使奄奄一息的人感到舒服。醫(yī)生接受培訓(xùn)絕不是為了加快死亡。那些反對(duì)由醫(yī)生幫助的自殺的人認(rèn)為，幫助病入膏肓的病人去死的醫(yī)生是在犯罪，因而他們也應(yīng)當(dāng)受到相應(yīng)的處置。由于醫(yī)生是人，他們也會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。例如，醫(yī)生很可能說一個(gè)癌癥病人是晚期病人，然而到后來，結(jié)果可能是病情并不這樣嚴(yán)重。在涉及人的未來結(jié)局問題上總是有一種懷疑的因素。

在思考由醫(yī)生幫助的自殺問題時(shí)需要考慮的第三個(gè)視角是自然的作用。生命是寶貴的。許多人認(rèn)為何時(shí)結(jié)束自己或另外一個(gè)人的生命不是由人來決定的。只有自然才能決定一個(gè)人死亡的恰當(dāng)時(shí)間。幫助某個(gè)人自殺不僅破壞了刑法，而且也破壞了天賜法則。

反對(duì)由醫(yī)生幫助的自殺的那些人的這些一般考慮在由醫(yī)生幫助的自殺問題所涉及的某些背景下也是有說服力的。例如，病人對(duì)于他們的病情不可能總是有把握。疼痛使判斷力變得模糊了，因此病人不應(yīng)當(dāng)是自己命運(yùn)的惟一決定者。病人通常不能選擇他們的治療方案，所以他們?cè)谂c治療有關(guān)的決定上不應(yīng)承擔(dān)全部責(zé)任。醫(yī)生也是容易犯錯(cuò)誤的。他們?cè)诤螘r(shí)死亡的問題上不愿做最后決定也是可以理解的。既然醫(yī)生接受培訓(xùn)是為了延長(zhǎng)壽命，因此他們通常不選擇開出由醫(yī)生幫助的自殺的處方來結(jié)束病人的生命。

我認(rèn)為，盲目反對(duì)得到醫(yī)生幫助的自殺對(duì)任何人都沒有好處。如果某個(gè)人由于癌癥而奄奄一息，并乞求一死從而結(jié)束自己的痛苦，而某個(gè)人給這個(gè)人打一針致命的嗎啡，那么這種做法似乎是發(fā)慈悲而不是犯罪。如果我們能同意這樣的說法，那么我認(rèn)為我們也能同意說，讓一個(gè)醫(yī)生來到病人身旁，測(cè)量一下用藥劑量并向其家人和朋友提出建議，是一個(gè)合理的請(qǐng)求。沒有這位醫(yī)生以前的治療，這個(gè)人肯定早已死了。醫(yī)生已介入幾個(gè)月，甚至已介入幾年，所以為什么不批準(zhǔn)這個(gè)最后和慈悲的介入呢？

生命確實(shí)是寶貴的，但是生命中不可避免的一部分是死亡，死亡也應(yīng)當(dāng)是寶貴的。如果生命變成無法忍受的疼痛和極度的痛苦，那么看來，為了保持尊嚴(yán)和美，一個(gè)人應(yīng)當(dāng)有權(quán)在家人和朋友在旁的情況下靜悄悄地、穩(wěn)妥地結(jié)束自己的痛苦。

Sample Two

41. A 42. D 43. F 44. E 45. B

分析

本文分析了社會(huì)生活中對(duì)女性科學(xué)家歧視的現(xiàn)象。文章從男女科學(xué)家之間的收入差別及其他方面探討了此種現(xiàn)象的原因，同時(shí)給出了自己的解釋。

全文翻譯

七年之前，一組麻省理工學(xué)院（MIT）的女科學(xué)家作了一份調(diào)查，表明該院自然科學(xué)學(xué)院的資深女教授們比起她們的男同事來擁有的薪水更低，獲得的研究資源更有限。對(duì)女性科學(xué)家的歧視在其他地方也突然出現(xiàn)。一份基于瑞典各地的研究表明，從事醫(yī)學(xué)研究的女科學(xué)家要想獲得研究基金，必須有男科學(xué)家兩倍強(qiáng)。

不過，這些工作都是相對(duì)小范圍的。如今，一份更大范圍的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在英國大學(xué)里，性別歧視在男性科學(xué)家和女性科學(xué)家之間的薪水差距中扮演了一定的角色。

東安格利亞大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)學(xué)院的薩拉·康諾莉（Sara Connolly）研究員一直在從事對(duì)一份涵蓋7000名科學(xué)家的調(diào)查的分析，她剛剛在于諾利其召開的英國科學(xué)進(jìn)步協(xié)會(huì)年會(huì)上公布了她的發(fā)現(xiàn)。她發(fā)現(xiàn)，在從事自然科學(xué)、工程和技術(shù)學(xué)科方面的男性和女性大學(xué)教授之間，平均的薪水差距在每年1500英鎊（合2850美元）左右。

當(dāng)然，這并非是存在歧視的不可辯駁的證明。另一個(gè)假設(shè)是，男女生活的不同模式意味著差距是由其他東西造成的：比如說，女性中斷職業(yè)去生孩子，因而層級(jí)提升得更慢。可惜的是，康諾莉博士還發(fā)現(xiàn)，在所有特定的層級(jí)上，男性都更可能掙錢更多。譬如男性教授可能比女性教授每年多掙超過4000英鎊。

為了使結(jié)論確證無疑，康諾莉博士計(jì)算出全部薪水差異中有多少可歸因于諸如資歷、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和年齡的不同，有多少則不可，這就暗示了歧視的存在。那些可以得到解釋的部分總計(jì)占到兩性之間全部收入差距的77%�？抵Z莉博士將剩余的23%歸之于歧視。

除了收入，她的研究也兼及有關(guān)升遷過程中遇到無形障礙的所謂“玻璃天花板”效應(yīng)，也就是，在女性職業(yè)生涯的所有階段，她都要比她的男同事更不可能獲得提升。在博士后和講師級(jí)別之間，男性比女性更可能獲得提升的比率是1.04~2.45。在更高的層級(jí)上這一差異就更大了，其中對(duì)女性來說，能被安排到教授職位是最為困難的。

當(dāng)然，也可能是在每個(gè)層級(jí)上男性比女性干活更多，因而更有資格升遷。但這一解釋似乎也是錯(cuò)誤的。同先前的研究不同，康諾莉博士比較了大學(xué)里的科學(xué)家同其他類別的實(shí)驗(yàn)室的科學(xué)家的經(jīng)歷。結(jié)果表明，相比那些在大學(xué)以外的工業(yè)或研究院所工作的姊妹們，在大學(xué)里的女性研究人員面臨更多的提升障礙，同男同事的收入差距也更大。換言之，相比假想中屬于平等主義世界的學(xué)術(shù)界而言，私人企業(yè)提供了更多的平等。

Sample Three

41. E 42. C 43. A 44. F 45. D

分析

本文主要分析了電子貨幣支付方式給人們的生活帶來的變化，作者以美國和日本為例，對(duì)電子貨幣的革命性影響作了介紹。

全文翻譯

以智能卡和移動(dòng)電話為媒介的電子貨幣支付方式日漸流行。

鈴響錢到�，F(xiàn)如今，有些頂級(jí)火辣的夜吧允許貴賓們采用一種新方式認(rèn)證身份：他們把通行證以特別條碼形式輸入手機(jī)，守門的大塊頭只要輕松一掃就能順利通關(guān)。手機(jī)在各式各樣的支付過程中日漸流行。亞特蘭大老鷹隊(duì)的美國球迷現(xiàn)在可以聯(lián)動(dòng)威士卡和自己的諾基亞手機(jī)，用以支付入場(chǎng)門票及購買賽場(chǎng)小食。據(jù)估計(jì)到2008 年，世界范圍內(nèi)手機(jī)支付額將從2003年的32億美元增至370多億美元。

匯錢回家。很多銀行服務(wù)也可以通過手機(jī)提供。2月12日，覆蓋100 多個(gè)國家的19家電信運(yùn)營商宣布用戶可以使用手機(jī)向海外地區(qū)匯錢。通過萬事達(dá)系統(tǒng)，用戶還可以短信匯款。匯豐銀行前主席約翰邦德是現(xiàn)任沃達(dá)豐主席，他一直以來堅(jiān)信支付手段和移動(dòng)電話總有一天會(huì)通過某種方式結(jié)合起來。他說：“手機(jī)會(huì)極大的改變非洲的農(nóng)村生活”

活力貨幣。各種“不接觸”支付系統(tǒng)都依賴“短距離通訊”（NFC）技術(shù)。但手機(jī)比智能卡還要智能。我們可以通過遠(yuǎn)程控制關(guān)閉相應(yīng)功能，可以從手機(jī)屏幕上觀看信息，如借款金額和產(chǎn)品情況；還可以通過鍵盤輸入信息并用來溝通。這些都意味著手機(jī)可以采用直接輸入密碼的方式進(jìn)行更大規(guī)模的交易，還可以自網(wǎng)上銀行為手機(jī)賬戶充值，而不必找自助取款機(jī)。

東京支付。最先把賭注押在手機(jī)貨幣上的是日本。多數(shù)日本人擁有不止一張信用卡，但這些信用卡總是乖乖的躺在主人的錢包里。日本幾乎沒有街頭犯罪，現(xiàn)金交易自然處于主導(dǎo)地位。家庭主婦購買所需總要把10，000日元（82美元）破開。到銀行去交水電費(fèi)以及其他費(fèi)用不是很方便，往往在當(dāng)?shù)乇憷�店用現(xiàn)金支付。雖然現(xiàn)金仍然如此流行，但手機(jī)已經(jīng)開始改變?nèi)毡镜膫鹘y(tǒng)習(xí)慣。

拋光卡片。根據(jù)尼爾森的報(bào)告，和日本人不同，美國人傾向于使用卡類購物。各種卡類交易占了所有交易的一半以上，比十年前增長(zhǎng)了29%。美國人的錢包里裝了15億張信用卡，平均每戶人家擁有10張以上。銀行和信用卡機(jī)構(gòu)希望有更多的現(xiàn)金和支票交易通過新型智能卡進(jìn)行。目前已經(jīng)有了一些成功版本。許多美國司機(jī)都在用易通卡無線支付高速公路費(fèi)用。

Sample Four

41. F 42. A 43. D 44. C 45. E

分析

本文分析了圍繞艾滋病人們提出的一些科學(xué)問題。同時(shí)作者對(duì)這些問題進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的解答。

全文翻譯

科學(xué)家說， 在第一批艾滋病例被發(fā)現(xiàn)以后的20年里， 他們對(duì)這種病毒性疾病的了解， 已超過其他任何一種病毒性疾病。

但是， 聯(lián)合國艾滋病規(guī)劃署的負(fù)責(zé)人彼得？皮奧和國際艾滋病學(xué)會(huì)會(huì)長(zhǎng)羅馬的斯特凡諾？韋拉及其他一些專家都認(rèn)為， 全面考察那些未決問題， 可能對(duì)艾滋病和其他疾病治療的進(jìn)展是一項(xiàng)有益的舉措。

這些較廣泛的重要科學(xué)問題包括：

為什么艾滋病使患者容易感染某些癌癥和傳染��？

一種傳統(tǒng)的說法是， 癌細(xì)胞在人體內(nèi)不斷繁殖， 但受到健康免疫系統(tǒng)的控制。艾滋病的情況卻不是這樣。艾滋病人很容易患非何杰金氏淋巴瘤和卡波西氏肉瘤， 但不易患在美國最常見的乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌和肺癌等。這說明， 受損的免疫系統(tǒng)（至少是艾滋病患者的免疫系統(tǒng)）， 可以抑制普通癌細(xì)胞的發(fā)展。

艾滋病病毒侵入人體后通過什么途徑摧毀免疫系統(tǒng)？當(dāng)艾滋病病毒通過性接觸傳播時(shí)， 病毒必須穿過組織屏障進(jìn)入人體。這個(gè)過程目前尚不清楚。病毒可能直接侵入， 或許由一系列不同種類的細(xì)胞帶入。最終， 艾滋病病毒穿過淋巴管到淋巴結(jié)和淋巴系統(tǒng)的其他部分。但病毒是如何摧毀人體內(nèi)負(fù)責(zé)打擊入侵傳染體的CD-４細(xì)胞的， 目前還無法確定。

艾滋病病毒是怎樣破壞免疫系統(tǒng)的？

艾滋病病毒能殺死對(duì)付自己的免疫細(xì)胞， 但艾滋病病毒攜帶者患艾滋病的快慢卻大不相同。因此科學(xué)家提出問題：免疫系統(tǒng)中那些使人患艾滋病時(shí)間出現(xiàn)差異的因素能否被識(shí)別出來？如果能， 它們能否用于制止艾滋病患者病情的惡化， 甚至在最初就可能防止人們感染艾滋病病毒？

最有效的艾滋病療法是什么？

從理論上來說， 盡早治療可以提供維護(hù)免疫功能的最佳時(shí)機(jī)。但是新藥物無法徹底清除體內(nèi)的艾滋病病毒， 因此患者不得不終身服用這些具有危險(xiǎn)副作用的藥物， 而且還可能在產(chǎn)生抗藥性時(shí)改服別的藥物。因此新的方法可能建議在免疫系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)衰退跡象時(shí)才開始治療。

可能研制出疫苗嗎？

毫無疑問， 一種有效的疫苗是控制這種瘟疫的關(guān)鍵。但是目前只有一種疫苗進(jìn)入了全面檢驗(yàn)的階段， 而對(duì)其會(huì)有多大的保護(hù)功能， 卻有著很大的爭(zhēng)議。世界各地流行的艾滋病在遺傳類型上各不相同， 目前還不清楚， 從某種艾滋病病毒獲得的疫苗能否防止其他類型的艾滋病。

如果沒有疫苗， 能否阻止艾滋病病毒的傳播？

如果沒有深入集中的行為研究， 僅靠宣傳是無法阻止這種全球性瘟疫的。

Part C

46. 用基因療法治療艾滋病的想法是制造一種基因，把這種基因放入一個(gè)被感染的人體內(nèi)之后，可以使所有它附著的細(xì)胞的后代對(duì)艾滋病毒產(chǎn)生抵抗力。

47. 他們沒有直接植入一種基因，而是把免疫細(xì)胞從人體內(nèi)移除，然后用被改良成可以抵抗病毒的變種來代替它們。

48. 這些細(xì)胞被凈化后，再用一種帶有反射圖象或者分子的“抗感覺”變種的一種艾滋病毒來填充，該變種可以使改變后的病毒繁殖。

49. 根據(jù)賓夕法尼亞州立大學(xué)的卡爾朱恩的描述，病人的免疫系統(tǒng)反映出“他們好像在疫苗保護(hù)之下”，而且似乎他們的身體在自我接種疫苗來抵抗艾滋病毒。

50. 如果接下來的試驗(yàn)確認(rèn)了前面得出的有利結(jié)果，那么就證明這種方法是對(duì)現(xiàn)存藥物或未來疫苗的一種有益的補(bǔ)充——甚至可以取代它們。

Second III Writing

Part A

51.

Dear Joe，

I feel so awfully worried that your legs were injured in accident. I learned that your right ankle was seriously swollen so you can’t put your weight on your feet. I hope you‘ll be feeling a great deal better by the time this letter reaches you. Anyway， you’ve been robust and healthy and you will recover soon. I am enclosing a funny comic in the letter so that it can help kill your time and you‘ll forget your pains momentarily， I hope you will like it. I will come to see you when I am free.

With best wishes for your swift return to be healthy.

Yours faithfully

Li Ming

Part B

52.

This cartoon presents in front of us a sharp contrast between two types of neighbors. The two lonely human neighbors seek to hold onto an attitude of indifference towards each other， while the two pet neighbors offer polite and amiable greetings.

When we take a walk in any big cities in the modern society， we may often notice such a sad scene in which social etiquettes of great necessity have been dramatically diminishing. Since most people in most communities are urged to live on an on-the-move lifestyle， they are probably denied opportunities to share their feelings with their friends and relatives and it is inevitable that their pets serve as their good companions. Where there are so many dishonesties going around， they prefer to stay with a dog， which is likely to be faithful to them， particularly in dark situations. An individual appears to be acting ridiculous if he starts conversations with his neighbors， so he often has no alternative but to enjoy the company of his pet dog. That’s why the scene depicted in the cartoon is not uncommon in our daily life.

Our life would be， of course， enjoyable if we have pets. But we would enjoy much more meaningful life in a more harmonious world if the two human neighbors started a talk to each other in a friendly way， just like the two dogs.